Selling or transferring property before bankruptcy that you'd lose in Chapter 7 or have to pay to keep in Chapter 13 can be a risky proposition. Although it's allowed in some cases, if done incorrectly, you could face severe consequences—especially if you intend to avoid paying creditors. In this article, you'll learn the following:
You'll also learn that if you sell property before filing for bankruptcy, the bankruptcy trustee appointed to your case will want to know when you sold the property, to whom, for how much, and what you did with the proceeds.
When you file for bankruptcy, you don't lose everything. You can protect "exempt" property or those things covered by a bankruptcy exemption. Typical examples of exempt property include:
Every state has its own set of exemptions, but some states let you choose to use the state exemptions or the federal exemptions. Nonexempt property includes everything you can't protect with an exemption.
Here's what happens to nonexempt property under the two primary bankruptcy chapters:
You have the right to sell property you own before you file for bankruptcy. However, you must pay your creditors, too—and intentionally taking steps to deprive them of funds can rise to the level of fraud. So the answer is "It depends."
Although selling things when anticipating filing for bankruptcy can be tricky, it can be done. Here's the safe zone.
Learn about running up credit card debt before filing for bankruptcy.
Nonexempt property usually involves luxury items that aren't needed to maintain employment and a household and are the first to go when money gets tight. Whether a prebankruptcy transfer or property sale will land you in hot water will depend on the following factors:
Here's how the court might look at each of these elements.
Selling exempt property before you file for bankruptcy isn't a problem because the trustee couldn't have liquidated the property anyway. But there's little reason to sell exempt property protected in bankruptcy.
On the other hand, it would be ideal if you could sell all of your nonexempt property and use the proceeds to buy more exempt property or pay down liens or mortgages on exempt property. However, this is where it gets risky.
Selling nonexempt property to maximize or enhance your exemptions when you know or suspect that you will file for bankruptcy is generally considered "pre-bankruptcy planning." The bankruptcy laws discourage pre-bankruptcy planning, especially when done with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors.
Learn what happens when the bankruptcy trustee suspects fraud.
The court can look back in time and investigate a pre-bankruptcy transfer or sale of property. How far back the court will look depends on the property type and the transfer's reason. In most cases, the review period spans a year or two. However, the court will look back up to ten years with certain transfer types.
You'll disclose prior transactions on bankruptcy form Your Statement of Financial Affairs for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy when you fill out your bankruptcy paperwork.
Whether you received fair market value for the asset can play a role in determining whether you intended to hinder, delay or defraud creditors. If you didn't receive fair value, the bankruptcy trustee might file an "adversary proceeding" lawsuit to recover the transferred property.
Once the trustee recovers the property, the person who received the transfer can claim bankruptcy to get the money back. If you could have claimed the property as exempt, you'd likely lose your exemption right.
Find out more by reading What Is a Fraudulent Transfer in Bankruptcy?
In several instances, you can expect the trustee to scrutinize a transfer, including in the following situations:
The court will attempt to infer your intent from the transfer's circumstances and consider your testimony. Every case is different, and you can't rely too heavily on what was allowed in the past to determine whether a particular transfer you make will be allowable.
Courts often look for "badges of fraud" to determine your intent, which may include a review of the following:
Here's what could happen if you prefer one creditor over others by paying down the debt owed to that one creditor with the proceeds or property. The trustee could file a lawsuit against the creditor to recover the payment or the property and use the proceeds to pay all creditors equally. This rule applies to payments made to general creditors within 90 days before the bankruptcy filing and insider creditors, such as family, within a year before the bankruptcy filing.
Here's what could happen if you purchased new exempt property or increased the value of your exemptions. The court could disallow the exemption, limit the exemption amount, or deny your discharge entirely, depending on your intent behind the transfer.
Suppose you sell nonexempt property within 1,215 days before your bankruptcy filing and use the proceeds to increase the value of your homestead residence. For instance, you use the proceeds to reduce the mortgage, make improvements, or buy a more expensive house.
In that case, the court can reduce your state homestead exemption by the amount of the enhancement to the extent that the value exceeds a set limit. Under these circumstances, the court doesn't have to consider your intent behind the sale.
Repairing or maintaining your residence or using sale proceeds to make your regular mortgage payment shouldn't trigger the reduction. This rule also doesn't apply to profits transferred from a previous home to a new residence in the same state.
Yes, you can sell your house before a Chapter 7 or 13 bankruptcy, but you must protect the proceeds with an exemption. You can apply some state homestead exemptions to sales proceeds for about six months after the sale. Otherwise, you'd have to protect the proceeds with a wildcard or cash exemption. In either case, the trustee would use any unprotected funds to pay creditors.
If you sold your home during Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you could use the homestead exemption to protect a certain amount of home equity. However, you'd apply nonexempt home equity to creditor debt according to your Chapter 13 plan.
Did you know Nolo has made the law easy for over fifty years? It's true—and we want to ensure you find what you need. Below you'll find more articles explaining how bankruptcy works. And don't forget that our bankruptcy homepage is the best place to start if you have other questions!
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We wholeheartedly encourage research and learning, but online articles can't address all bankruptcy issues or the facts of your case. The best way to protect your assets in bankruptcy is by hiring a local bankruptcy lawyer.