Even the most well-intentioned prosecutors file charges
against innocent suspects occasionally. Regardless of the reason charges were
filed, innocent defendants want to know what they—or preferably, their lawyers—can
do to avoid a conviction. So, other than going to trial, how can defendants
avoid a guilty plea or verdict?
The Filing Decision: Limited and Erroneous Information
When a case comes across the desk of a prosecutor who makes
filing decisions, all that's often available is the police report of the
incident in question. Your average police report—at least a preliminary one—is
limited in the information it conveys. Furthermore, police reports frequently
get some facts wrong, whether because of misstatements or lies by witnesses or
because of errors or bias on the part of officers.
A police report might misrepresent a potentially minor fact,
such as the exact words between two participants in an argument that turned
into a physical fight. Or it might be flatly wrong, such as when the aggressor
in an incident claims the defendant attacked him, whereas the defendant really acted
in self-defense. Alleged victims might even lie about or exaggerate injuries.
If the charges are specious, the defendant certainly has the
option of going to trial, hoping for an acquittal. But criminal trials aren't
only risky and expensive, they're also tremendously stressful, as are the proceedings
that lead up to them. That's why, before some cases get that far, good defense
lawyers will try to nip them in the bud.
Intervening Before Charges
Pretrial communication is one of many reasons hiring an
experienced criminal defense lawyer as soon as reasonably possible is your best
bet. (That said, you shouldn't rush into the decision, nor allow a lawyer to
pressure you into hiring him or her. Also, you can typically hire a lawyer for
initial representation, then, if appropriate, switch to another one later on.)
If the facts are suitable, some lawyers will try to
intervene before the prosecution even files charges. This might involve
contacting the arresting or investigating officer before the case gets to the
prosecution, or getting in touch with the prosecutor before the filing decision
is made. Particularly in less serious cases, the defense attorney might be able
to explain the incident such that the case never sees a courtroom. But
defendants shouldn't get their hopes up too much about this course of action—it
often won't work.
Going for a Dismissal
Oftentimes innocent defendants have to wait until the filing
of charges before their lawyers can get involved. But that doesn't mean that
trial is necessarily in the cards.
A client meeting with his or her lawyer should give a
complete overview of the facts and anything else that might be relevant (for example,
the history of the relationship between the defendant and the alleged victim).
At that point the lawyer can weigh the options.
The lawyer might decide that it's best to immediately
investigate the incident and gather evidence (including witness declarations).
With this information, the lawyer might try to persuade the prosecution to
dismiss charges. For example, a prosecutor might listen to a defense lawyer who
can prove that there's no way the facts could have unfolded the way an alleged
victim or witness claims. Of course, depending on the situation, many lawyers
will decide it's best not to get into too much detail with the prosecution for
fear of giving away material in advance of a potential trial.
Letting It Play out
Sometimes the best move for the defense is to do nothing. It
can take several months for the prosecution to learn that there's insufficient evidence
to convict the defendant, whether because a witness recants a story or it
becomes evident that the witness isn't credible. (For instance, the witness might
have a history of false accusations, or an alleged victim might be actually motivated by
a family issue, like child custody.)
Other times a case might go away because the defense wins a
pretrial motion, like one to suppress illegally seized evidence. Or perhaps (in
a felony case), the defense will win the preliminary
hearing, and the prosecution will decide not to re-file. There are several
in-court proceedings that might bring about the end of a case short of a plea
or trial. But the defense's chances truly depend on the circumstances.
Get a Lawyer
You probably need a lawyer for many reasons, not least of
which is the pretrial stage. Only an attorney can carry out the tasks discussed
in this article. Further, an experienced lawyer's judgment in these matters is
essential—your lawyer should be the one to decide which method(s) to pursue,
even if that means waiting patiently for trial.
