If you're behind on your mortgage payments and a foreclosure sale is looming, you might still be able to save your home. You can potentially file for bankruptcy or file a lawsuit against the foreclosing party (the "bank") to possibly stop the foreclosure entirely or at least delay it.
If you have a bit more time on your hands, you can apply for a loan modification or another workout option.
If a foreclosure sale is scheduled to occur in the next day or so, the best way to stop the sale immediately is by filing for bankruptcy.
The automatic stay will stop the foreclosure in its tracks. Once you file for bankruptcy, something called an "automatic stay" immediately goes into effect. The stay functions as an injunction prohibiting the bank from foreclosing on your home or otherwise trying to collect its debt. So, any foreclosure activity must be halted.
The bank may file a motion for relief from the stay. The bank will probably attempt to have the stay lifted by filing a motion seeking permission from the court to continue with the foreclosure. Even if the bankruptcy court grants this motion and allows the foreclosure to proceed, the foreclosure will be delayed at least a month or two. This should provide you with time to explore alternatives to foreclosure with your bank.
If you want to keep your home, a Chapter 13 bankruptcy might help you accomplish this goal. But if you're simply trying to buy some time by stalling the foreclosure, a Chapter 7 bankruptcy might be right for you.
Benefits of a Chapter 13 bankruptcy. A Chapter 13 bankruptcy can help you keep your home by restructuring your debts. You will repay debts, some in part and some in full, over three to five years as part of a repayment plan. You might be able to avoid foreclosure and remain in your home with this type of bankruptcy because you can repay any delinquent mortgage payments through the plan.
Also, you will likely pay a fraction (or sometimes, none) of your unsecured debts during the plan period and possibly eliminate certain other debts—like underwater second and third mortgages because they're considered unsecured loans—entirely when you complete your plan, freeing up money for your first mortgage. Even if you can't complete the plan, filing for Chapter 13 bankruptcy will give you at least several months before a foreclosure can be completed.
Benefits of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy. If you're already in foreclosure, filing Chapter 7 bankruptcy isn't usually a good way to save your home unless you can get a loan modification. But it will delay the foreclosure proceedings and give you time to live in the home without making payments. You can put this money towards saving up for a rental.
You can also use this time to work with the bank to find a way to avoid foreclosure. And, even if you still go through a foreclosure, a Chapter 7 bankruptcy can eliminate your personal liability for the mortgage debt, which means you won't be liable for any deficiency remaining after the foreclosure. Find out if you potentially qualify for a Chapter 7 bankruptcy.
Also, if you already filed for bankruptcy within the past year, the stay could be limited to 30 days or eliminated.
If your bank is using a nonjudicial process to foreclose, where the foreclosure is completed outside of the court system, then you might be able to delay or stop the foreclosure by filing a lawsuit against the bank to challenge the foreclosure.
You must include a motion for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction to enjoin (stop) a foreclosure sale while your claims are being litigated. (This tactic normally won't work if the foreclosure is judicial because, by the time of a foreclosure sale, you've already had your opportunity to be heard in court.)
To prevail, you'll need to prove to the satisfaction of the court that the foreclosure should not take place because, for example, the foreclosing bank:
The downside to suing your bank is that if you can't prove your case, you'll only briefly delay the foreclosure process. Lawsuits can be expensive, and if you have no reasonable basis for your claims, you could get stuck paying the bank's court costs and attorneys' fees.
While you can't wait until the very last minute with this option, you might be able to delay a foreclosure by applying for a loan modification or another foreclosure avoidance option because the bank could be restricted from dual tracking. Dual tracking is when the bank proceeds with the foreclosure while a loss mitigation application is pending.
If your modification application is approved, the foreclosure will be permanently stopped as long as you keep up with the modified payments.
California, Colorado, Nevada, and Minnesota, for example, have each passed a Homeowner Bill of Rights that prohibits the dual tracking of foreclosures. Servicers generally must make a decision to grant or deny a (typically) first-lien loss mitigation application before starting or continuing the foreclosure process.
You must submit your application by a certain deadline to get protection from foreclosure under these laws. Talk to a lawyer to find out specific deadlines.
Under federal law, if a complete loss mitigation application is received more than 37 days before a foreclosure sale, the servicer may not move for a foreclosure judgment or order of sale, or conduct a foreclosure sale, until:
Be aware that the servicer generally doesn't have to review more than one loss mitigation application from you. But if you bring the loan current after submitting an application, the servicer must consider it.
If you're facing an imminent foreclosure sale and considering any of the options discussed in this article, it is strongly recommended that you consult with a local foreclosure attorney or bankruptcy attorney immediately. To get information about different loss mitigation options, you should also consider talking to a HUD-approved housing counselor.