Kentucky HOA and COA Foreclosures

If you fail to pay your HOA or COA assessments in Kentucky, the association can likely get a lien on your property and might foreclose on your home.

By , Attorney · University of Denver Sturm College of Law

If your home is part of a condominium owners' association (COA) or homeowners' association (HOA) in Kentucky and you fall behind in assessments:

  • The COA or HOA can usually get a lien on your home if you become delinquent in paying the assessments.
  • After you default on the assessments, the COA or HOA may foreclose.
  • Lien priority determines what happens to other liens, like a mortgage, if a COA or HOA lien is foreclosed.

If the HOA initiates a foreclosure, you might have a defense to the action, such as the HOA charged you too much, assessed unreasonable fees, or failed to follow state laws.

Or you might be able to negotiate a way to get caught up on the overdue amounts and save your home. For example, you might be able to pay off the entire delinquency, negotiate a reduced payoff amount, or enter into a repayment plan.

How COA or HOA Assessments Work, Generally

When you buy a single-family home, townhome, or condominium in a planned community with covenants, you'll most likely pay fees and assessments, often collectively called "assessments," to a COA or HOA. If you fall behind in the assessments, the association will likely initially try to collect the debt using traditional methods. For instance, the association will probably call you and send letters.

But if those tactics don't get you to pay up, the association might try other ways to collect from you. The association could take away your privileges to use the common facilities or file a lawsuit for a money judgment against you.

Based on the association's Declaration of Condominium or Declaration of Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions (CC&Rs) and state law, most COAs and HOAs also have the power to get a lien on your property if you become delinquent in assessments. Once you fall behind in payments, a lien will usually automatically attach to your property. Sometimes, the association will record its lien with the county recorder to provide public notice that the lien exists, regardless of whether state law requires recording.

An assessments lien clouds the title to the property, hindering your ability to sell or refinance the home. In addition, the property can also be foreclosed to force a sale to a new owner—even if the property has a mortgage.

COA Liens in Kentucky

Some states require a COA to record its lien in the county where the property is located. But under Kentucky law, the recording of the declaration constitutes record notice of the existence of a COA lien, and no further recordation for any claim of lien is required. (Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 381.9193(4)).

HOA Liens in Kentucky

To find out when an HOA lien attaches to the property, check the association's governing documents.

Charges a COA or HOA May Include in the Lien

State law and the COA or HOA's governing documents will usually set out the type of charges that may be included in a lien.

What Charges May a COA Include?

In Kentucky, unless the declaration provides otherwise, a COA can include the following in its lien:

  • past-due assessments
  • late charges
  • reasonable fines for violations of the declaration, bylaws, rules, and regulations (after giving the owner notice and an opportunity to be heard)
  • reasonable collection costs
  • reasonable attorneys' fees and costs
  • certain fees (like for the preparation and recordation of amendments to the declaration or statements of unpaid assessments), and
  • interest at a rate established by the association, not to exceed 18%. (Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 381.9167(1)(k),(l), § 381.9193(1)), § 381.9191(2)).

If you make a written request, the COA must provide you with a statement telling you the amount of the unpaid assessments within ten business days after it receives your request. (Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 381.9193(8)).

What Charges May an HOA Include?

To find out which charges a Kentucky HOA may include in its lien, check the association's governing documents.

COA and HOA Lien Foreclosures in Kentucky

Once a COA or HOA has a lien, it may foreclose.

COA Foreclosures in Kentucky

In Kentucky, a COA may foreclose its lien in the same manner as a mortgage on real estate. (Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 381.9193(1)).

A COA lien for unpaid assessments is extinguished unless the COA initiates an action to enforce the lien within five years after the full amount of the assessments becomes due. (Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 381.9193(5)).

HOA Foreclosures in Kentucky

An HOA's foreclosure rights come from the governing documents of the association. To find out the specific notice and foreclosure procedures that the HOA must follow, check the association's governing documents.

COA or HOA Liens and Your Mortgage

A common misconception is that the association can't foreclose if you're current with your mortgage payments. But an association's right to foreclose isn't dependent on whether you're paid up on your mortgage. Instead, lien priority determines what happens in a foreclosure.

Generally, a foreclosure by a COA or HOA usually won't eliminate a first mortgage because the association's lien is normally lower in priority.

What Is Lien Priority?

The priority of liens establishes who gets paid first following a foreclosure sale and often determines whether a lienholder will get paid at all. Liens generally follow the "first in time, first in right" rule, which says that whichever lien is recorded first in the land records has higher priority than later recorded liens. A first lien has a higher priority than other liens and gets the first crack at the foreclosure sale proceeds.

If any proceeds are left after the first lien is paid in full, the excess proceeds go to the second lienholder until that lien is paid off. And so on. A lien with a low priority might get nothing from a foreclosure sale.

But state law or an association's governing documents might adjust lien priority.

Priority of COA Liens in Kentucky

Under Kentucky law, a COA's lien is prior to all other liens except for:

  • liens and encumbrances recorded before the declaration is recorded
  • liens for real estate taxes and other governmental assessments, and
  • a mortgage recorded before the date on which the assessment sought to be enforced became delinquent. (Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 381.9193(2)).

Priority of HOA Liens in Kentucky

To find out the priority of an HOA lien, check the association's governing documents.

Talk to a Lawyer If You're Facing a COA or HOA Foreclosure

If you're facing a COA or HOA foreclosure in Kentucky, consider consulting with a foreclosure attorney to learn more about how the law applies to your situation and to discuss all legal options available in your particular circumstances.

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