How to Start a Business in Connecticut

Here's an overview of the key steps you'll need to take to start your own business in Connecticut.

1. Choose a Business Idea

Take some time to explore and research ideas for your business. At this stage, take into consideration your own interests, skills, resources, availability, and the reasons why you want to form a business. You should also consider the likelihood of success based on the interests and needs of your community. Read our article for more tips on how to evaluate business ideas.

After you select an idea, consider drafting a business plan to evaluate your chances of making a profit. When you create a plan, you will have a better idea of the startup costs, your competition, and strategies for making money. Typically, investors and lenders will ask to review your business plan before providing financial assistance. To learn more about the benefits of business plans and how to create one for your enterprise see Why You Need to Write a Business Plan.

2. Decide on a Legal Structure

The most common legal structures for a small business are:

• sole proprietorship
• partnership
• limited liability company (LLC), and
• corporation.

There also are special versions of some of these structures, such as limited partnerships and S corporations. You'll want to consider which business entity structure offers the type of liability protection you want and the best tax, financing, and financial benefits for you and your business. Read our article for information on how to choose the best ownership structure for your business.

3. Choose a Name

For LLCs and corporations, you will need to check that your name is distinguishable from the names of other business entities already on file with the Connecticut Secretary of State (SOS). You can check for available names by doing a business entity search on the SOS CONCORD system. You can reserve an available name for 120 days by filing an Application for Reservation of Name. There are certain name requirements for LLCs and corporations (like including a word such as "LLC" for LLCs or "Company" for corporations). See How to Form an LLC in Connecticut and How to Form a Corporation in Connecticut for more information.

Is your business a sole proprietorship or partnership that uses a business name that is different from the legal name of the business owner (for a sole proprietorship) or surnames of the individual partners (for a partnership)? If so, you must register a trade name with the clerk of the city or town where you do business. For more information, check the website for the relevant city or town.

If you plan on doing business online, you may want to register your business name as a domain name. See Choose and Register a Domain Name for more information. In addition, to avoid trademark infringement issues, you should do a federal and state trademark check to make sure the name you want to use is not the same as or too similar to a name already in use. See How to Do a Trademark Search for more information.

4. Create Your Business Entity

• Sole proprietorship: To establish a sole proprietorship in Connecticut, you don't need to file any organizational documents with the state. For more information, see How to Establish a Sole Proprietorship in Connecticut.
• Partnership: To create a general partnership in Connecticut, you don't need to file any organizational documents with the state. Although not legally required, all partnerships should have a written partnership agreement. The partnership agreement can be very helpful if there is ever a dispute among the partners. For more information, see How to Form a Partnership. To form a limited liability partnership (often used by professionals), you must file a Certificate of Limited Liability Partnership with the Connecticut SOS. For more information, see Why Choose a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)?
• LLC: To create an LLC in Connecticut, you must file a Certificate of Organization with the Connecticut SOS. You will also need to appoint a statutory agent in Connecticut for service of process (other states call this a registered agent). In addition, while not required by law, you also should prepare an operating agreement to establish the basic rules about how your LLC will operate. The operating agreement is not filed with the state. For more information, see How to Form an LLC in Connecticut and How to Form a Professional LLC in Connecticut (for professionals).
• Corporation: To create a corporation in Connecticut, you must file a Certificate of Incorporation with the Connecticut SOS. You will also need to appoint a statutory agent in Connecticut for service of process (other states call this a registered agent). Although not legally required, you also should prepare bylaws to establish your corporation's internal operating rules. Bylaws are not filed with the state. S Corporations must also file IRS Form 2553, Election by a Small Business Corporation, with the IRS. For more information, see How to Form a Corporation in Connecticut.

5. Apply for Licenses and Permits

Tax Registration. If you will be selling goods in Connecticut, you must register with the Department of Revenue Services (DRS) to collect sales tax. If your business will have employees, you must register with the DRS for employer withholding taxes. You can register for both types of tax, as well as other business taxes, either online via the Connecticut Taxpayer Service Center (TSC) or on paper using Form REG-1, Business Taxes Registration Application.

EIN. If your business has employees or is taxed separately from you, you must obtain a federal Employer Identification Number (EIN) from the IRS. Even if you are not required to obtain an EIN, there are often business reasons for doing so. Banks often require an EIN to open an account in the business's name and other companies you do business with may require an EIN to process payments. You can get an EIN by completing an online application. There is no filing fee.

Trade licenses and permits. These cover areas such as:

• accommodation and food services
• agriculture
• construction
• retail and wholesale trade
• the environment, and
• health and safety.

Check with the Department of Consumer Protection for more information. For information about local licenses and permits, check the websites for any cities or counties where you will do business

Professional and occupational licenses. These cover people who work in various fields. For more information, check with the Occupational & Professional Licensing Division of the Department of Consumer Protection.

6. Business Location and Zoning

You'll need to pick a location for your business and check local zoning regulations. Before you commit to a location, take time to calculate the costs of running your business in the desired spot, including rent and utilities. You can refer back to your business plan to evaluate whether you can afford your desired location during your company's early months.

It is important to verify that the spot is zoned for your type of business. You might find zoning regulations for your town or city by reviewing your local ordinances and contacting your town's zoning or planning department. Read our article for more tips on picking a location.

One alternative to opening your business at a new location is running your company out of your home. If you decide to run a home-based business, again check your local zoning laws. In addition, review your lease (if you rent your home) and homeowners association rules (if applicable), either of which might ban some or all home businesses.

7. File and Report

Connecticut taxes every kind of business. See Connecticut State Business Income Tax for more information on state business taxes in Connecticut.

Sole proprietorships. Pay state taxes on business income as part of their personal state income tax returns (Form CT-1040).

Partnerships. Partners pay state taxes on partnership income on personal tax returns. In addition, Connecticut partnerships also must file Form CT-1065/CT-1120SI, Connecticut Composite Income Tax Return.

LLCs. Members pay state taxes on their share of LLC income on personal tax returns. In addition, LLCs themselves have to file an additional state tax form — either a partnership return or a corporation return. The specific form used will depend on how the LLC is classified for federal tax purposes. Connecticut LLCs classified as partnerships are also subject to the state's biennial Business Entity Tax. In addition, Connecticut LLCs also are required to file an annual report with the Connecticut SOS. See Connecticut LLC Annual Filing Requirements for more information.

Corporations. Shareholders must pay state taxes on their dividends from the corporation. A shareholder-employee with a salary also must pay state income tax on his or her personal state tax return. Moreover, the corporation itself is subject to Connecticut corporation taxes. And, finally, corporations must file an annual report with the Connecticut SOS.

If you have employees, you must also deal with state employer taxes.

And, apart from Connecticut taxes, there are always federal income and employer taxes. Check IRS Publications 334, Tax Guide for Small Business, and 583, Taxpayers Starting a Business.

8. Obtain Insurance

Business insurance can protect your company and your personal assets from the fallout of unexpected disasters, such as personal injury lawsuits or natural catastrophes. An insurance agent can help you explore the different coverage options, such as general liability insurance to protect your business against claims relating to bodily injury or property damage. To learn more, see Nolo's article, What Types of Insurances Does Your Small Business Need?

9. Open a Business Bank Account

No matter the type of business you form, you should consider opening a separate business account to make it easier to track your income and expenses. For some business types, like LLCs and corporations, a separate bank account is necessary to maintain your liability protection. To learn more, see Opening a Business Bank Account.