If you're injured through someone else's negligence in California, you usually have the option of filing a personal injury lawsuit in the state's civil courts. But what about when the negligent party is a government agency or government employee? Let's say a county vehicle hits your car, or you a trip and fall on a broken staircase in a government building, for example. The California Tort Claims Act will govern an injury claim arising from situations like these, and in this article we'll explain the rules and requirements laid out in this law.

California Law on Injury Claims Against the Government

The California Tort Claims Act (CTCA) appears in sections 810 through 996.6 of the California Government Code (GC). It states that, as a general rule, "a public entity is not liable for an injury" caused by the public entity or any of its employees.

This general rule is also known as the rule of "sovereign immunity," which has appeared in U.S. and English laws for hundreds of years. Centuries ago in England, the rule prevented people from attempting to sue the king, even if they were harmed by a decision the king made. In the U.S. today, states have adopted the immunity rule to limit their liability, and then have carved out exceptions through which an injured person can sue the state, usually through a strictly-enforced procedure set forth in a statute like the CTCA.

Limitations and Exceptions in the CTCA

The California Tort Claims Act covers all civil liability claims for "money or damages." In other words, it covers not only negligence cases such as those arising from a car accident, slip and fall, or medical negligence, but also claims like nuisance, intentional wrongs, and breach of contract.

As a rule, a government agency or entity is responsible for the negligent acts of its employees, as long as the negligent person was acting in the scope of their employment and/or carrying out a government function. Under the CTCA, the injured person must file a claim with the agency or entity that employs the negligent person. The CTCA does not permit claims against the negligent employee directly.

Public entities in California can also be held liable for injuries that are caused by the negligence of their independent contractors. The same rules apply whether the negligent person was an employee or an independent contractor.

Finally, public entities are also liable for injuries that result from the entity’s failure to carry out a duty imposed on the entity by law. For instance, if a public fire department’s employees negligently chose to ignore a fire, anyone injured in that fire could seek damages from the fire department under the California Tort Claims Act.

The CTCA does not allow claims for any of the following:

• injuries caused by the California National Guard
• injuries caused by passing or failing to pass any law, regulation, or ordinance
• injuries caused by issuing (or failing to issue) any certificate, license, permit, order, or similar official authorization
• injuries caused by failing to inspect any property the government does not own
• injuries caused by failing to enforce any law
• injuries caused by reporting the identifying information of people convicted of a controlled substance violation to local schools
• injuries caused by misrepresentation, and
• punitive damages.

In addition, any claim that is not "for money or damages" cannot be filed under the CTCA. For instance, the California Supreme Court has held that a petition for mandamus (a court order requiring a public official perform a particular action) cannot be filed under the CTCA, because it is not a request for "money or damages."

Filing a Claim Under the CTCA

To file a claim against a state, county, or municipal government in California, the injured person must first give notice of the claim. A written notice must include:

• the claimant’s name and mailing address
• the mailing address to which you want notices about the claim mailed
• date, location, and description of what happened and how you were injured
• general description of the injury, damage, or loss (including medical costs, lost wages, property damage, and similar losses)
• name of the government employee(s) that caused the injury (if known)
• if claimed losses are less than $10,000, the amount claimed and how it was calculated, and
• if claimed losses are more than $10,000, whether any resulting lawsuit would be a "limited civil case" for jurisdiction purposes (a "limited civil case" is generally a lawsuit seeking less than $25,000 and one where the plaintiff is not seeking an injunction, a determination of title to real property, or enforcement of a Family Code order.)

While you can simply write a letter containing this information, most municipalities have forms you can use to streamline the process. For instance, the City of Los Angeles, the City of San Diego, and the City of San Jose all offer a notice of claim form on their respective websites.

Time Limits for Filing Claims Under the CTCA

Before a lawsuit can be filed in court, the injured person must give written notice of the claim to the government agency responsible for the harm. This notice must be filed within six months of the date of injury. The government then has the option to accept or reject the claim. If the government rejects all or part of the claim, the injured person may file a lawsuit in court. You are not obligated to follow through with a lawsuit if you provide notice of your claim, even if your claim is rejected. Therefore, it is often wise to provide notice in order to keep your options open.