Most states in the U.S. make dog owners financially responsible when their animals bite someone, even if the owner wasn’t negligent or didn’t know the dog could be dangerous. But there may be exceptions and conditions.
When a dog hurts someone, the injured person is likely to sue the animal’s owner for medical costs and other damages. In more than half of the states, those lawsuits may be based on laws that make the owner automatically liable for most dog-bite injuries. These laws are often called “strict liability” statutes, because the injured person doesn’t have to prove that the animal's owner knew the dog was dangerous (often called the “one-bite rule”) or that the dog owner was negligent (legalese for "careless").
How Strict is the Liability?
The theory behind strict-liability statutes is that anyone who has a dog should be responsible for any damage it causes, period. But a few states have dog-bite statutes that aren’t really all that strict, because they apply only under conditions that may be under the owner’s control—like when the dog is roaming “at large.”
Also, dog owners may have legal defenses to avoid liability for dog bites. Most dog-bite laws include exceptions—typically when the injured person was trespassing or provoked the dog. And many of the laws don't apply if the dog was performing its duties as a police dog when the bite happened.
Only Bites or More?
Some of the strict-liability statutes are limited to the injuries that result from an actual dog bite. But most of them also cover other injuries, such as when a dog causes an accident by chasing a motorcycle or bicycle. Depending on the conditions, however, those laws might not cover a situation when someone is injured because a dog was acting playfully or just going about its business. For example, Nebraska’s statute applies only when the dog has killed, injured, chased, or bothered a person or another animal. Because of that, the state’s supreme court ruled that a dog owner wasn’t liable for an injury the resulted when a puppy sat down in front of a recreational vehicle, causing the driver to swerve and hit a fence. (Holden ex rel. Holden v. Schwer, 394 N.W.2d 269 (Neb. 1993).)
Even in states that limit the owner's liability to bite injuries, courts may interpret the laws to apply when there wasn’t broken skin or a wound from the “bite.” For instance, a California court found that a dog owner was liable for injuries that resulted when a man fell off a ladder after the dog grabbed his leg in its jaws (Johnson v. McMahon, 68 Cal. App. 4th 173 (1998)).
Other Bites at the Apple
In almost all states, dog-bite statutes don't affect the other rules for suing someone who’s responsible for an injury caused by a dog. Depending on the situation, that means an injured person may sue based on a strict liability statute, the owner’s negligence, or the one-bite rule. If a court finds that one of those doesn’t apply, it could still allow the case to move forward on another legal principle.
Chart: Strict-Liability Dog-Bite Statutes in the States
The chart below shows the main features of the statutes in the states that have strict-liability (or “sort of strict” liability) dog-bite laws. In states that aren't listed here, lawsuits for dog bites must be based on either the dog owner's negligence or the one-bite rule.
Note that the laws shown below were updated as of December 2020. Because states can change their laws at any time, it’s always a good idea to check the current statutes. (You can find your state's laws by searching on this Library of Congress guide to state laws.)
|
State |
Statute |
Bites Only? |
Conditions/Exceptions in Statutes |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Alabama |
Ala. Code §§ 3-6-1–3-6-4 |
No |
Applies only if injury happened on owner's property or after dog chased victim from owner’s property; liability limited to expenses if owner didn’t know dog was dangerous |
|
Arizona |
Ariz. Rev. Stat. §§ 11-1020, 11-1025, 11-1027 |
Yes/ No |
Provocation, trespassing; separate law covers liability for injuries or property damage when dog was at large, with no exceptions; neither law applies to working military or police dogs |
|
Cal. Civ. Code § 3342 |
Yes |
Trespassing, working military or police dogs |
|
|
Colorado |
Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-21-124 |
Yes |
Injury must be severe; exceptions include military or police dogs, working dogs on owner’s property, provocation, trespassing, and injury on owner’s property with warning sign |
|
Connecticut |
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 22-357 |
No |
Provocation, trespassing or other tort |
|
Delaware |
Del. Code, tit. 16, § 3053F |
No |
Provocation, trespassing or other crime |
|
District of Columbia |
D.C. Code § 8-1812 |
No |
Applies only when dog was at large |
|
Florida |
Fla. Stat. §§ 767.01, 767.04 |
Yes/ No |
Trespassing or failure to post “Bad Dog” sign on owner’s property (for victim over age 5); separate liability statute for any damage to livestock or persons |
|
Hawaii |
Haw. Rev. Stat. §§ 663-9, 663-9.1 |
No |
Provocation; trespassing |
|
Idaho |
Idaho Code §25-2810(11) | No | Provocation; trespassing |
|
Illinois |
510 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 5/16 |
No |
Provocation; trespassing |
|
Indiana |
Ind. Code § 15-20-1-3 |
Yes |
Provocation; only applies if victim was legally required to be in place where bitten |
|
Iowa |
Iowa Code § 351.28 |
No |
Illegal act by victim |
|
Kentucky |
Ky. Rev. Stat. § 258.235(4) |
No |
None in statute |
|
Louisiana |
La. Civil Code Art. 2321 |
No |
Applies only to unprovoked injuries that dog owner could have prevented |
|
Maine |
Me. Rev. Stat., tit. 7, § 3961 |
No |
Applies only when victim is not on dog owner’s property |
|
Maryland |
Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc., § 3-1901 |
No |
When dog was at large, exceptions for victim’s provocation, trespassing, or crime; otherwise, injury creates rebuttable presumption that owner knew dog was dangerous |
|
Massachusetts |
Mass. Gen. Laws, ch. 140, § 155 |
No |
Provocation, trespassing, or other tort (unless victim was under age 7) |
|
Michigan |
Mich. Comp. Laws § 287.351 |
Yes |
Provocation, trespassing |
|
Minnesota |
Minn. Stat. § 347.22 |
No |
Provocation, trespassing |
|
Missouri |
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 273.036 |
Yes |
Provocation, trespassing |
|
Montana |
Mont. Code § 27-1-715 |
Yes |
Provocation, trespassing; applies only in incorporated city or town |
|
Nebraska |
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 54-601 |
No |
Applies when dogs kill, injure, worry, or chase people or domestic animals (but does not apply to indirect injuries); exceptions for trespassing (for bites only) and military or police dogs (under certain conditions) |
|
New Hampshire |
N.H. Rev. Stat. § 466:19 |
No |
Trespassing or other tort |
|
N.J. Stat. § 4:19-16 |
Yes |
Trespassing |
|
|
North Carolina |
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 67-12 |
No |
Applies only when dog over six months old was at large in nighttime |
|
Ohio |
Ohio Rev. Code § 955.28(B) |
No |
Provocation or trespassing on owner’s property, other crime other than minor misdemeanor |
|
Oklahoma |
Okla. Stat., tit. 4, § 42.1 |
No |
Provocation, trespassing |
|
Oregon |
Or. Rev. Stat. § 31.360 |
No |
Provocation; liability for economic damages only |
|
3 Pa. Stat. § 459-502(b)(1) |
Yes |
Liability for medical treatment only |
|
|
Rhode Island |
R.I. Gen. Laws § 4-13-16 |
No |
Applies when dog is outside of owner’s enclosure |
|
South Carolina |
S.C. Code § 47-3-110 |
No |
Provocation, trespassing, working police dogs; applies only to dog bite or attack |
|
Tennessee |
Tenn. Code § 44-8-413 |
No |
Applies only when dog was running at large; exceptions include provocation, trespassing on owner’s nonresidential property, working police or military dogs, and injuries while dog was protecting someone |
|
Utah |
Utah Code § 18-1-1 |
No |
Working police dogs |
|
Washington |
Wash. Rev. Code § 16.08.040 |
Yes |
Trespassing, police dogs |
|
West Virginia |
W. Va. Code § 19-20-13 |
No |
Only applies if dog was at large |
|
Wisconsin |
Wis. Stat. § 174.02 |
No |
Police dog that injured a crime suspect |
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