Avoiding Probate in D.C.

Probate court proceedings (when a deceased person's assets are transferred to the people who inherit them) can be long, costly, and confusing. It's no wonder so many people take steps to spare their families the hassle. Different states, however, offer different ways to avoid probate. Here are your options in the District of Columbia.

Living Trusts

In D.C., you can make a living trust to avoid probate for virtually any asset you own—real estate, bank accounts, vehicles, and so on. You need to create a trust document (it's similar to a will) naming someone to take over as trustee after your death (called a successor trustee). Then—and this is crucial—you must transfer ownership of your property to yourself as the trustee of the trust. Once all that's done, the property will be controlled by the terms of the trust. At your death, your successor trustee will be able to transfer it to the trust beneficiaries without probate court proceedings.

Joint Ownership

If you own property jointly with someone else and this ownership includes the "right of survivorship," then the surviving owner automatically owns the property when the other owner dies. No probate will be necessary to transfer the property, although of course it will take some paperwork to show that title to the property is held solely by the surviving owner.

In D.C., these forms of joint ownership are available:

• Joint tenancy. Property owned in joint tenancy automatically passes to the surviving owners when one owner dies. No probate is necessary. Joint tenancy often works well when couples (married or not) acquire real estate, vehicles, bank accounts, or other valuable property together. In D.C., each owner, called a joint tenant, must own an equal share.
• Tenancy by the entirety. This form of joint ownership is like joint tenancy but is allowed only for married couples in D.C.

(D.C. Code §§ 42-516, 46-601 (2024).)

There's another form of joint ownership called "tenancy in common." In a tenancy in common, a co-owner's share doesn't go to the other owners. Instead, a deceased person's share of the property passes to their heirs and generally will require probate. If a jointly owned property doesn't clearly state it's a joint tenancy, then the property will be considered a tenancy in common. (D.C. Code § 42-516 (2024).)

Payable-On-Death Designations for Bank Accounts

In D.C., you can add a "payable-on-death" (POD) designation to bank accounts such as savings accounts or certificates of deposit. You still control all the money in the account—your POD beneficiary has no rights to the money, and you can spend it all if you want. At your death, the beneficiary can claim the money directly from the bank without probate court proceedings. (D.C. Code §§ 19–602.21, 19–602.23 (2024).)

Transfer-On-Death Registration for Securities

The District of Columbia lets you register stocks and bonds in transfer-on-death (TOD) form. People commonly hold brokerage accounts this way. If you register an account in TOD (also called beneficiary) form, the beneficiary you name will inherit the account automatically at your death. No probate court proceedings will be necessary; the beneficiary will deal directly with the brokerage company to transfer the account. (D.C. Code §§ 19-603.01 through 19-603.11 (2024).)

Transfer-On-Death Deeds for Real Estate

If you own real estate in the District, you can leave it with a special kind of deed called a transfer-on-death (TOD) deed. You sign and record the deed now, but it doesn't take effect until your death. You can revoke the deed or sell the property at any time; the beneficiary you name on the deed has no rights until your death. (D.C. Code § 19-604.05 (2024).)

Transfer-On-Death Registration for Vehicles

The District of Columbia allows transfer-on-death registration of vehicles. At the time of registration, the vehicle owner can designate a beneficiary to take title of the vehicle upon the owner's death. The surviving beneficiary may obtain title of the vehicle without probate by bringing the death certificate to the Department of Motor Vehicles. (D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 18, § 18-402 (2024).)

Simplified Probate Procedures

Even if you don't do any planning to avoid probate, your estate may qualify for D.C.'s simplified "small estate" probate procedures. For more details, see Probate Shortcuts. For more on avoiding probate, see 8 Ways to Avoid Probate, by Mary Randolph (Nolo).