Updates on California Rent Control Laws

NOTE: In response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, over 150 cities and counties enacted emergency "eviction moratoriums," some of which included temporary bans on rent increases (e.g., Alameda, Los Angeles). In addition, the California Legislature imposed statewide moratoriums that included rental assistance. You can find a discussion of California COVID-19-related tenant protections (including emergency bans on rent increases) here.

In California, "rent control" in the narrowest sense traditionally referred to city or county ordinances that limited the rent landlords could charge. (Popular perceptions of rent control include restrictions on evictions, as explained below.) Rent control laws typically specify a maximum percentage by which landlords can increase rent (for example, 5%) along with corresponding limits on the frequency of increases (typically once annually). Often the percentage of increase is tied to the area's annual Consumer Price Index (CPI).

On January 1, 2020, state law AB 1482 (California Tenant Protection Act) went into effect. AB 1482 caps rent increases statewide for qualifying units at either 5% plus the increase in the regional consumer price index (CPI), or 10% of the lowest rent charged at any time during the 12 months prior to the increase—whichever is less. Additionally (and subject to the rent cap), rent may only be raised twice over any 12 month period. Importantly, AB 1482 does not override more restrictive city and county rent controls, but might apply to units they don't cover.

Here is a chart of California cities and counties that have rent control laws, with a synopsis of what those laws say. Information about limits on evictions and other protections for renters is below the chart. Keep in mind the chart provides only summaries of the law, and the full law may contain important additional details that impact your situation. For more information on the many local ordinances that affect rent and evictions, including relocation assistance and owner move-ins, see our detailed Rent Control Chart for California.

Property Subject to Rent Control

Rent control laws apply to typical rental units, like apartments within a complex. But not all rentals in California are subject to rent control. A 1995 state law, the Costa-Hawkins Rental Housing Act, says that local rent-control regulation doesn't apply to single family homes, condominiums, and units built after February 1, 1995 (many ordinances also exempt properties built after the ordinance's effective date). The Costa-Hawkins Act also allows "vacancy decontrol" of rent-controlled units, meaning landlords can raise rents to market levels when tenants move out (voluntarily or after being evicted for rent nonpayment).

Other properties exempt from rent control include owner-occupied buildings with no more than three or four units (depending on local regulation), short-term rentals (think Airbnb), government-subsidized tenancies (Berkeley and San Francisco excluded), and detached ("granny") units that could not be sold independent of the main house.

Evictions in Rent Control Areas

A tenancy typically ends either when a fixed-term lease expires or after a landlord or tenant in a month-to-month lease gives notice. A landlord can legally ask a tenant to vacate the rental in either situation, without specifying a reason (but cannot do so if the reason is retaliation for the tenant having exercised a tenant right, or for a discriminatory reason).

But for rent control to work—especially because landlords can raise rent to market levels following a legitimate vacancy—the law must also limit evictions. Otherwise, landlords could simply (and repeatedly) evict current tenants in favor of new tenants willing to pay higher rents. To head off this possibility, most rent control ordinances require "just cause"—acceptable reasons—to evict. Examples of just cause include:

• violating a significant term of the lease—for example, failing to pay rent or having unauthorized roommates
• engaging in illegal or prohibited activities like drug dealing, disturbing neighbors, or damaging property
• the landlord wanting to move into the unit or have a family member do so, and
• the landlord wanting to substantially remodel the property, which can't be done with tenants living there. (Sometimes, landlords in this situation must offer tenants a similar unit that they own or the opportunity to re-rent the remodeled apartment at the same rent after the project.)

Landlords who violate these restrictions often face stiff civil and even criminal penalties.

Other Protections for Renters

Rent control ordinances often have additional rules that protect tenants. Check your local ordinance(s) to see whether protections like the following apply:

Buyout agreement regulations, which are strict guidelines regarding landlord-tenant agreements for early move-outs.

Mediation/arbitration services. Mediation services are designed to help landlords and tenants negotiate rent and other disputes without having to go to court. Some ordinances make the parties undergo formal arbitration, where an independent third party makes a non-binding recommendation or a binding determination.

Minimum lease terms, meaning landlords must offer written leases for a minimum amount of time, typically for at least a year.

Relocation reimbursements and moving expenses may be required for tenants forced to move because a unit is being remodeled, converted, or demolished.

Special notice requirements. The amount of notice required to evict or raise rent under a local ordinance might be greater than what state law requires. An ordinance might also give longer notice periods to certain tenants, like people with disabilities, senior citizens, and school-aged children. The landlord might also be required to provide tenants with a copy of the ordinance or with written notice about specific tenant rights under the ordinance (like rent review or mediation).

Source of income ordinances. Landlords cannot discriminate against low income tenants or recipients of government assistance.

Where to Get More Information About Rent Control

Rent control ordinances vary greatly. Here are some resources for detailed information on the law that applies to you:

• Nolo Books. Nolo's books The California Landlord's Law Book: Rights & Responsibilities and California Tenants' Rights provide comprehensive summaries of landlord-tenant law. Each book comes with access to a page on Nolo.com that has detailed updates.
• Your city rent control board should be able to provide a copy of the current local ordinance(s), and possibly a brochure with explanations (visit their offices or find them online). Your city or county government's website should also have a section of codes and ordinances, including the law you're interested in.
• A local tenants' organization. Virtually every city with rent control has at least one active tenants' group. These organizations typically monitor the rent board, court decisions, and proposed ballot amendments that affect renters. These groups can usually provide written explanations of the relevant law, and sometimes have volunteer staff available to answer questions. Some even provide free or low-cost legal assistance.
• Local attorneys who specialize in landlord-tenant law. Getting a referral to an attorney is a good option. Tenants' organizations and legal aid offices can often provide references to attorneys specializing in landlord-tenant law. Also, you can see Nolo's Lawyer Directory for local lawyers who represent tenants.

April 27, 2022