Law Firm in Phoenix, AZ
Law Firm in Phoenix, AZ
Representing Seriously Injured Clients With Sensitivity, Integrity and Compassion
Palumbo Wolfe & Palumbo, P.C. is a preeminent Arizona law firm dedicated to representing the victims of medical negligence, catastrophic personal injury, wrongful death, automobile, railroad and truck collisions, dangerous roadway design, air crashes and defective products. Our mission is to represent seriously injured clients with sensitivity and compassion and to achieve justice on their behalf with the integrity and dignity they deserve.
Main Office
2800 North Central Avenue, Suite 1400
Phoenix, AZ 85004
602-265-5777
602-265-7222
Palumbo Wolfe & Palumbo, P.C. will represent your Personal Injury legal matters.
Areas of Law:
-Plaintiffs Personal Injury
-Plaintiffs Medical Malpractice
-Defective Products
-Automobile Accidents
-Catastrophic Automobile Accidents
-Drunk Driving Cases
-Motorcycle Wrecks
-Auto-Pedestrian Accidents
-Car-Bicycle Collisions
-Rollover Accidents
-Truck Crashes
-Complex Trucking Accident Cases
-Truck Driving Inattention
-Train Crashes
-Plane Crashes
-Medical Malpractice
-Birth Injury or Death
-Cerebral Palsy
-Hypoxic Brain Injury
-Emergency Room Negligence
-Anesthesia Malpractice
-Medication Errors
-Delayed Diagnosis of Cancer
-Bone Injuries.
-Misdiagnosis of Heart Attack or Stroke
-Serious Infection
-Nursing Errors
-Surgical Errors
-Medication Mistakes
-Birth Injuries
-Misdiagnosis of Cancer
-Dangerous Product Liability
-Defective Tire
-Industrial and Construction Accidents
-Wrongful Death
-Drowning
-Slip and Falls
-Dog Attacks
-Head Injuries
-Traumatic Brain Injury
-Back and Neck Injuries
-Severe Whiplash
-Spinal Cord Injuries
-Paralysis and Nerve Damage
-Burns
-Loss of Vision
-Amputations
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Faculty, Arizona College of Trial Advocacy, 1988. Judge Pro Tem: Arizona Court of Appeals, 1985-1986, 1992-1993; Superior Court of Arizona, 1982. Trustee, Advisory Council, Fairfield University, 1992-2000. Member, Executive Committee, Board of Directors, 1995-2006 and Chair, 2000-2003, Boys Hope/Girls Hope of Arizona, Emeritus Board, 2006; Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; Member, Million Dollar Advocates Forum; Member, Arizona's Finest Lawyers; Benchmark Litigation - Litigation Star, United States, and Local Litigation Star, Arizona - Plaintiff Wrongful Death, Personal Injury and Medical Malpractice, 2013; Listed in Who's Who in American Law, 1977 and 1988. Named by Superlawyers as a Southwest Super Lawyer; Best Lawyers in America, 2008; Best Lawyers' 2011 and 2012 Phoenix Medical Malpractice Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year
Areas of Law:
-Plaintiffs' Medical Malpractice
-Plaintiffs' Personal Injury
Experience & Credentials
Position
Member
Admission Details
Admitted in 1973, Arizona and U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
Law School Attended
University of Notre Dame
Class of 1973
J.D.
cum laude
University Attended
Fairfield University
Class of 1968
B.S.
Birth Information
Born in 1946
Neptune, New Jersey, April 24, 1946
Military
U.S. Army Sp 5, 1968-1970; Vietnam, 1969-1970
Associations & Memberships
Maricopa County (Member, Volunteer Lawyers Program, Attorney of the Year, 1993) and American Bar Associations; State Bar of Arizona (Member: Practice and Procedure Committee, 1977-1989; Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Certification Commission, 1999-2003); The Association of Trial Lawyers of America; Arizona Trial Lawyers Association (Member: Board of Directors, 1984-1987; Executive Committee, 1986; Secretary/Treasurer, 1986); Million Dollar Advocates Forum. Less
Certifications
(Certified Specialist, Injury and Wrongful Death Litigation, Arizona Board Of Legal Specialization)
Bar Fellowship
American College of Trial Lawyers, 2003; International Society of Barristers, 2008.
University of Notre Dame
Juris Doctorate, cum laude, 1973
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Faculty, Arizona College of Trial Advocacy, 1988. Judge Pro Tem: Arizona Court of Appeals, 1985-1986, 1992-1993; Superior Court of Arizona, 1982. Trustee, Advisory Council, Fairfield University, 1992-2000. Member, Executive Committee, Board of Directors, 1995-2006 and Chair, 2000-2003, Boys Hope/Girls Hope of Arizona, Emeritus Board, 2006; Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; Member, Million Dollar Advocates Forum; Member, Arizona's Finest Lawyers; Benchmark Litigation - Litigation Star, United States, and Local Litigation Star, Arizona - Plaintiff Wrongful Death, Personal Injury and Medical Malpractice, 2013; Listed in Who's Who in American Law, 1977 and 1988. Named by Superlawyers as a Southwest Super Lawyer; Best Lawyers in America, 2008; Best Lawyers' 2011 and 2012 Phoenix Medical Malpractice Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year
Areas of Law:
-Plaintiffs' Medical Malpractice
-Plaintiffs' Personal Injury
Experience & Credentials
Position
Member
Admission Details
Admitted in 1973, Arizona and U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
Law School Attended
University of Notre Dame
Class of 1973
J.D.
cum laude
University Attended
Fairfield University
Class of 1968
B.S.
Birth Information
Born in 1946
Neptune, New Jersey, April 24, 1946
Military
U.S. Army Sp 5, 1968-1970; Vietnam, 1969-1970
Associations & Memberships
Maricopa County (Member, Volunteer Lawyers Program, Attorney of the Year, 1993) and American Bar Associations; State Bar of Arizona (Member: Practice and Procedure Committee, 1977-1989; Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Certification Commission, 1999-2003); The Association of Trial Lawyers of America; Arizona Trial Lawyers Association (Member: Board of Directors, 1984-1987; Executive Committee, 1986; Secretary/Treasurer, 1986); Million Dollar Advocates Forum. Less
Certifications
(Certified Specialist, Injury and Wrongful Death Litigation, Arizona Board Of Legal Specialization)
Bar Fellowship
American College of Trial Lawyers, 2003; International Society of Barristers, 2008.
University of Notre Dame Juris Doctorate, cum laude, 1973
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Areas of Law:
-Personal Injury
-Medical Malpractice
-Airplane Crash Litigation
-Product Liability
-Truck Accidents
Experience & Credentials
Position
Member
Admission Details
Admitted in 1978, Arizona, U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
Law School Attended
Arizona State University
Class of 1978
J.D.
University Attended
Columbia University
Class of 1971
A.B.
Birth Information
Born in 1950
New York, N.Y., May 14, 1950
Languages
French
Associations & Memberships
Maricopa County and American Bar Associations; The Association of Trial Lawyers of America (Chairman, Interstate Trucking Litigation Group, 1990).
Certifications
(Certified Specialist, Injury and Wrongful Death Litigation, Arizona Board Of Legal Specialization)
Bar Fellowship
American College of Trial Lawyers. Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Southwest Super Lawyers in America; Best Lawyers in America (1989); Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Best Lawyers' 2010 Phoenix Medical Malpractice Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year; Best Lawyers' 2013 Phoenix Personal Injury Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year; Benchmark Litigation - Litigation Star, United States, and Local Litigation Star, Arizona - Plaintiff Wrongful Death, Personal Injury and Medical Malpractice, 2014; Arizona's Finest Lawyers; Southwest Super Lawyers; Naifeh and Smith, The Best Lawyers in America, 1989 Present; Best of Arizona Business Attorneys, Ranking Arizona, 2008
Arizona State University
Juris Doctorate, 1978
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Areas of Law:
-Personal Injury
-Medical Malpractice
-Airplane Crash Litigation
-Product Liability
-Truck Accidents
Experience & Credentials
Position
Member
Admission Details
Admitted in 1978, Arizona, U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
Law School Attended
Arizona State University
Class of 1978
J.D.
University Attended
Columbia University
Class of 1971
A.B.
Birth Information
Born in 1950
New York, N.Y., May 14, 1950
Languages
French
Associations & Memberships
Maricopa County and American Bar Associations; The Association of Trial Lawyers of America (Chairman, Interstate Trucking Litigation Group, 1990).
Certifications
(Certified Specialist, Injury and Wrongful Death Litigation, Arizona Board Of Legal Specialization)
Bar Fellowship
American College of Trial Lawyers. Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Southwest Super Lawyers in America; Best Lawyers in America (1989); Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Best Lawyers' 2010 Phoenix Medical Malpractice Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year; Best Lawyers' 2013 Phoenix Personal Injury Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year; Benchmark Litigation - Litigation Star, United States, and Local Litigation Star, Arizona - Plaintiff Wrongful Death, Personal Injury and Medical Malpractice, 2014; Arizona's Finest Lawyers; Southwest Super Lawyers; Naifeh and Smith, The Best Lawyers in America, 1989 Present; Best of Arizona Business Attorneys, Ranking Arizona, 2008
Arizona State University Juris Doctorate, 1978
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Member, University of Notre Dame National Monogram Club (Football); National Football League Players Association, Certified Contract Advisor (2002-2003); Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law Alumni Association (Member, Board of Directors).
Areas of Law:
-Plaintiffs' Personal Injury
-Wrongful Death
-Plaintiffs' Medical Malpractice
-Products Liability
-Truck Accidents
-Airplane Crash Litigation
Experience & Credentials
Position
Partner
Admission Details
Admitted in 2001, Arizona and U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
Law School Attended
Arizona State University College of Law
J.D.
University Attended
University of Notre Dame
B.A.
Associations & Memberships
State Bar of Arizona; American Association for Justice; Arizona Trial Lawyers Association (Member, Board of Directors); Superior Court of Arizona, Maricopa County (Judge Pro Tempore, 2009); Top 100 Trial Attorneys, The National Trial Lawyers Association, 2009 -2013; Top 40 Under 40, The National Trial Lawyers Association, 2012; Southwest Super Lawyers - Super Lawyers, 2013; Southwest Rising Star -Super Lawyers, 2012; Local Litigation Star - Benchmark Litigation, 2013.
Arizona State University College of Law
Juris Doctorate,
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Member, University of Notre Dame National Monogram Club (Football); National Football League Players Association, Certified Contract Advisor (2002-2003); Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law Alumni Association (Member, Board of Directors).
Areas of Law:
-Plaintiffs' Personal Injury
-Wrongful Death
-Plaintiffs' Medical Malpractice
-Products Liability
-Truck Accidents
-Airplane Crash Litigation
Experience & Credentials
Position
Partner
Admission Details
Admitted in 2001, Arizona and U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
Law School Attended
Arizona State University College of Law
J.D.
University Attended
University of Notre Dame
B.A.
Associations & Memberships
State Bar of Arizona; American Association for Justice; Arizona Trial Lawyers Association (Member, Board of Directors); Superior Court of Arizona, Maricopa County (Judge Pro Tempore, 2009); Top 100 Trial Attorneys, The National Trial Lawyers Association, 2009 -2013; Top 40 Under 40, The National Trial Lawyers Association, 2012; Southwest Super Lawyers - Super Lawyers, 2013; Southwest Rising Star -Super Lawyers, 2012; Local Litigation Star - Benchmark Litigation, 2013.
Arizona State University College of Law Juris Doctorate,
Representing Seriously Injured Clients With Sensitivity, Integrity and Compassion
Palumbo Wolfe & Palumbo, P.C. is a preeminent Arizona law firm dedicated to representing the victims of medical negligence, catastrophic personal injury, wrongful death, automobile, railroad and truck collisions, dangerous roadway design, air crashes and defective products. Our mission is to represent seriously injured clients with sensitivity and compassion and to achieve justice on their behalf with the integrity and dignity they deserve.
Main Office
2800 North Central Avenue, Suite 1400
Phoenix, AZ 85004
602-265-5777
602-265-7222
Palumbo Wolfe & Palumbo, P.C. will represent your Personal Injury legal matters.
Areas of Law:
-Plaintiffs Personal Injury
-Plaintiffs Medical Malpractice
-Defective Products
-Automobile Accidents
-Catastrophic Automobile Accidents
-Drunk Driving Cases
-Motorcycle Wrecks
-Auto-Pedestrian Accidents
-Car-Bicycle Collisions
-Rollover Accidents
-Truck Crashes
-Complex Trucking Accident Cases
-Truck Driving Inattention
-Train Crashes
-Plane Crashes
-Medical Malpractice
-Birth Injury or Death
-Cerebral Palsy
-Hypoxic Brain Injury
-Emergency Room Negligence
-Anesthesia Malpractice
-Medication Errors
-Delayed Diagnosis of Cancer
-Bone Injuries.
-Misdiagnosis of Heart Attack or Stroke
-Serious Infection
-Nursing Errors
-Surgical Errors
-Medication Mistakes
-Birth Injuries
-Misdiagnosis of Cancer
-Dangerous Product Liability
-Defective Tire
-Industrial and Construction Accidents
-Wrongful Death
-Drowning
-Slip and Falls
-Dog Attacks
-Head Injuries
-Traumatic Brain Injury
-Back and Neck Injuries
-Severe Whiplash
-Spinal Cord Injuries
-Paralysis and Nerve Damage
-Burns
-Loss of Vision
-Amputations
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Faculty, Arizona College of Trial Advocacy, 1988. Judge Pro Tem: Arizona Court of Appeals, 1985-1986, 1992-1993; Superior Court of Arizona, 1982. Trustee, Advisory Council, Fairfield University, 1992-2000. Member, Executive Committee, Board of Directors, 1995-2006 and Chair, 2000-2003, Boys Hope/Girls Hope of Arizona, Emeritus Board, 2006; Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; Member, Million Dollar Advocates Forum; Member, Arizona's Finest Lawyers; Benchmark Litigation - Litigation Star, United States, and Local Litigation Star, Arizona - Plaintiff Wrongful Death, Personal Injury and Medical Malpractice, 2013; Listed in Who's Who in American Law, 1977 and 1988. Named by Superlawyers as a Southwest Super Lawyer; Best Lawyers in America, 2008; Best Lawyers' 2011 and 2012 Phoenix Medical Malpractice Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year
Areas of Law:
-Plaintiffs' Medical Malpractice
-Plaintiffs' Personal Injury
Experience & Credentials
Position
Member
Admission Details
Admitted in 1973, Arizona and U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
Law School Attended
University of Notre Dame
Class of 1973
J.D.
cum laude
University Attended
Fairfield University
Class of 1968
B.S.
Birth Information
Born in 1946
Neptune, New Jersey, April 24, 1946
Military
U.S. Army Sp 5, 1968-1970; Vietnam, 1969-1970
Associations & Memberships
Maricopa County (Member, Volunteer Lawyers Program, Attorney of the Year, 1993) and American Bar Associations; State Bar of Arizona (Member: Practice and Procedure Committee, 1977-1989; Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Certification Commission, 1999-2003); The Association of Trial Lawyers of America; Arizona Trial Lawyers Association (Member: Board of Directors, 1984-1987; Executive Committee, 1986; Secretary/Treasurer, 1986); Million Dollar Advocates Forum. Less
Certifications
(Certified Specialist, Injury and Wrongful Death Litigation, Arizona Board Of Legal Specialization)
Bar Fellowship
American College of Trial Lawyers, 2003; International Society of Barristers, 2008.
University of Notre Dame
Juris Doctorate, cum laude, 1973
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Faculty, Arizona College of Trial Advocacy, 1988. Judge Pro Tem: Arizona Court of Appeals, 1985-1986, 1992-1993; Superior Court of Arizona, 1982. Trustee, Advisory Council, Fairfield University, 1992-2000. Member, Executive Committee, Board of Directors, 1995-2006 and Chair, 2000-2003, Boys Hope/Girls Hope of Arizona, Emeritus Board, 2006; Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; Member, Million Dollar Advocates Forum; Member, Arizona's Finest Lawyers; Benchmark Litigation - Litigation Star, United States, and Local Litigation Star, Arizona - Plaintiff Wrongful Death, Personal Injury and Medical Malpractice, 2013; Listed in Who's Who in American Law, 1977 and 1988. Named by Superlawyers as a Southwest Super Lawyer; Best Lawyers in America, 2008; Best Lawyers' 2011 and 2012 Phoenix Medical Malpractice Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year
Areas of Law:
-Plaintiffs' Medical Malpractice
-Plaintiffs' Personal Injury
Experience & Credentials
Position
Member
Admission Details
Admitted in 1973, Arizona and U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
Law School Attended
University of Notre Dame
Class of 1973
J.D.
cum laude
University Attended
Fairfield University
Class of 1968
B.S.
Birth Information
Born in 1946
Neptune, New Jersey, April 24, 1946
Military
U.S. Army Sp 5, 1968-1970; Vietnam, 1969-1970
Associations & Memberships
Maricopa County (Member, Volunteer Lawyers Program, Attorney of the Year, 1993) and American Bar Associations; State Bar of Arizona (Member: Practice and Procedure Committee, 1977-1989; Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Certification Commission, 1999-2003); The Association of Trial Lawyers of America; Arizona Trial Lawyers Association (Member: Board of Directors, 1984-1987; Executive Committee, 1986; Secretary/Treasurer, 1986); Million Dollar Advocates Forum. Less
Certifications
(Certified Specialist, Injury and Wrongful Death Litigation, Arizona Board Of Legal Specialization)
Bar Fellowship
American College of Trial Lawyers, 2003; International Society of Barristers, 2008.
University of Notre Dame Juris Doctorate, cum laude, 1973
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Areas of Law:
-Personal Injury
-Medical Malpractice
-Airplane Crash Litigation
-Product Liability
-Truck Accidents
Experience & Credentials
Position
Member
Admission Details
Admitted in 1978, Arizona, U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
Law School Attended
Arizona State University
Class of 1978
J.D.
University Attended
Columbia University
Class of 1971
A.B.
Birth Information
Born in 1950
New York, N.Y., May 14, 1950
Languages
French
Associations & Memberships
Maricopa County and American Bar Associations; The Association of Trial Lawyers of America (Chairman, Interstate Trucking Litigation Group, 1990).
Certifications
(Certified Specialist, Injury and Wrongful Death Litigation, Arizona Board Of Legal Specialization)
Bar Fellowship
American College of Trial Lawyers. Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Southwest Super Lawyers in America; Best Lawyers in America (1989); Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Best Lawyers' 2010 Phoenix Medical Malpractice Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year; Best Lawyers' 2013 Phoenix Personal Injury Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year; Benchmark Litigation - Litigation Star, United States, and Local Litigation Star, Arizona - Plaintiff Wrongful Death, Personal Injury and Medical Malpractice, 2014; Arizona's Finest Lawyers; Southwest Super Lawyers; Naifeh and Smith, The Best Lawyers in America, 1989 Present; Best of Arizona Business Attorneys, Ranking Arizona, 2008
Arizona State University
Juris Doctorate, 1978
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Areas of Law:
-Personal Injury
-Medical Malpractice
-Airplane Crash Litigation
-Product Liability
-Truck Accidents
Experience & Credentials
Position
Member
Admission Details
Admitted in 1978, Arizona, U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
Law School Attended
Arizona State University
Class of 1978
J.D.
University Attended
Columbia University
Class of 1971
A.B.
Birth Information
Born in 1950
New York, N.Y., May 14, 1950
Languages
French
Associations & Memberships
Maricopa County and American Bar Associations; The Association of Trial Lawyers of America (Chairman, Interstate Trucking Litigation Group, 1990).
Certifications
(Certified Specialist, Injury and Wrongful Death Litigation, Arizona Board Of Legal Specialization)
Bar Fellowship
American College of Trial Lawyers. Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Southwest Super Lawyers in America; Best Lawyers in America (1989); Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; Fellow, International Society of Barristers; Best Lawyers' 2010 Phoenix Medical Malpractice Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year; Best Lawyers' 2013 Phoenix Personal Injury Law Plaintiff's Lawyer of the Year; Benchmark Litigation - Litigation Star, United States, and Local Litigation Star, Arizona - Plaintiff Wrongful Death, Personal Injury and Medical Malpractice, 2014; Arizona's Finest Lawyers; Southwest Super Lawyers; Naifeh and Smith, The Best Lawyers in America, 1989 Present; Best of Arizona Business Attorneys, Ranking Arizona, 2008
Arizona State University Juris Doctorate, 1978
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Member, University of Notre Dame National Monogram Club (Football); National Football League Players Association, Certified Contract Advisor (2002-2003); Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law Alumni Association (Member, Board of Directors).
Areas of Law:
-Plaintiffs' Personal Injury
-Wrongful Death
-Plaintiffs' Medical Malpractice
-Products Liability
-Truck Accidents
-Airplane Crash Litigation
Experience & Credentials
Position
Partner
Admission Details
Admitted in 2001, Arizona and U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
Law School Attended
Arizona State University College of Law
J.D.
University Attended
University of Notre Dame
B.A.
Associations & Memberships
State Bar of Arizona; American Association for Justice; Arizona Trial Lawyers Association (Member, Board of Directors); Superior Court of Arizona, Maricopa County (Judge Pro Tempore, 2009); Top 100 Trial Attorneys, The National Trial Lawyers Association, 2009 -2013; Top 40 Under 40, The National Trial Lawyers Association, 2012; Southwest Super Lawyers - Super Lawyers, 2013; Southwest Rising Star -Super Lawyers, 2012; Local Litigation Star - Benchmark Litigation, 2013.
Arizona State University College of Law
Juris Doctorate,
Attorney in Phoenix, AZ
Member, University of Notre Dame National Monogram Club (Football); National Football League Players Association, Certified Contract Advisor (2002-2003); Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law Alumni Association (Member, Board of Directors).
Areas of Law:
-Plaintiffs' Personal Injury
-Wrongful Death
-Plaintiffs' Medical Malpractice
-Products Liability
-Truck Accidents
-Airplane Crash Litigation
Experience & Credentials
Position
Partner
Admission Details
Admitted in 2001, Arizona and U.S. District Court, District of Arizona
Law School Attended
Arizona State University College of Law
J.D.
University Attended
University of Notre Dame
B.A.
Associations & Memberships
State Bar of Arizona; American Association for Justice; Arizona Trial Lawyers Association (Member, Board of Directors); Superior Court of Arizona, Maricopa County (Judge Pro Tempore, 2009); Top 100 Trial Attorneys, The National Trial Lawyers Association, 2009 -2013; Top 40 Under 40, The National Trial Lawyers Association, 2012; Southwest Super Lawyers - Super Lawyers, 2013; Southwest Rising Star -Super Lawyers, 2012; Local Litigation Star - Benchmark Litigation, 2013.
Arizona State University College of Law Juris Doctorate,