Nolo's Essential Guide to Buying Your First Home

There's no place like home!

Buy your first home at the best possible price for your local market. With advice and tips from a team of experts, this book will help you:

  • explore what's available and where the best values are
  • qualify for and line up financing
  • work with the seller to make needed repairs and close the deal.

Includes handy checklists and forms!

  • Product Details
  • Ready to say goodbye to your landlord? With help from Nolo’s Essential Guide to Buying Your First Home, you’ll not only find the right house for you, you’ll have fun doing it.

    Learn how to:

    • research the local market and listings
    • choose a house, condo, co-op, or townhouse
    • create a realistic budget
    • qualify for a loan you can truly afford
    • borrow a down payment from friends or family
    • protect yourself with inspections and insurance, and
    • negotiate and close the deal successfully.

    You’ll find insights from numerous real estate professionals—agents, attorneys, mortgage specialists, a home inspector, and more. It’s like having a team of experts by your side! Plus, read real-life stories of over 20 first-time homebuyers.

    “Nolo’s excellent guide for novice home buyers provides fresh, updated information about the whole process that even those in the know will find useful.”—Library Journal

    “The most complete home-buying book you will find…doesn’t leave out any of the essentials. On my scale of one to 10, this superb book rates an off-the-chart 12.”—Robert Bruss, Syndicated Real Estate Columnist

    ISBN
    9781413330052
    Number of Pages
    448
    Included Forms

    • Tools for Househunting
    • Dream List Directions
    • Dream List
    • Questions for Talking With Locals
    • Common Real Estate Abbreviations
    • House Visit Checklist
    • Questions for Seller Worksheet
    • First-Look Home Inspection Checklist
    • Condo/Co-op Worksheet
    • Cobuyer Discussion Worksheet
    • Homeowners’ Insurance Terminology
    • Financial Tools
    • Debt-to-Income Ratio Worksheet
    • Financial Information for Lenders
    • Gift Letter
    • Private Loan Terms Worksheet
    • HUD-1 Settlement Statement
    • Tools for Choosing Professionals
    • Real Estate Agent Interview Questionnaire
    • Real Estate Agent Reference Questionnaire
    • Mortgage Broker Interview Questionnaire
    • Mortgage Broker Reference Questionnaire
    • Attorney Interview Questionnaire
    • Attorney Reference Questionnaire
    • Home Inspector Interview Questionnaire
    • Home Inspector Reference Questionnaire
    • Tools for Evaluating a House’s Physical Condition
    • Indiana Seller’s Residential Real Estate Disclosure
    • California Real Estate Transfer Disclosure Statement
    • California Natural Hazard Disclosure Statement
    • Sample Home Inspection Report
    • Final Walk-Through Checklist (Existing Home)
    • Final Walk-Through Checklist (New Home) 
  • About the Author
    • Ann O’Connell, Attorney · UC Berkeley School of Law

      Ann O’Connell is a legal editor at Nolo specializing in landlord-tenant and real estate law. She writes for Nolo.com, Lawyers.com, and Avvo. Ann is a coauthor of Nolo's Essential Guide to Buying Your First Home, which won a silver Benjamin Franklin Award from the Independent Book Publishers Association in 2020, and Nolo’s Every Landlord’s Legal Guide.

      Legal career. Before joining Nolo as an editor, Ann was a freelance writer for Nolo as well as other publications and law firms. Ann practiced civil litigation in California and Colorado, and had her own firm in Colorado. At her firm, she focused on real estate, landlord-tenant, and small business cases. 

      Credentials. Ann earned her B.A. from Boston College and her J.D. from UC Berkeley Law. She has passed the bar exams in California, Nevada, and Colorado, where she is both an active attorney and a real estate broker.

      Landlord-tenant law. Ann’s favorite part of writing about landlord-tenant matters is the opportunity to help tenants—who often find it difficult to afford or hire a lawyer to represent them—understand and assert their rights. Ann’s research and writing on coronavirus-related eviction bans and tenant rights has been cited by numerous news outlets and government agencies, including Yahoo Finance, CNET, Fannie Mae, and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).

    • Ilona Bray, J.D. · University of Washington School of Law

      Ilona Bray, J.D. is an award-winning author and legal editor at Nolo, specializing in real estate, immigration law and nonprofit fundraising. 

      Educational background. Ilona received her law degree and a Master's degree in East Asian (Chinese) Studies from the University of Washington. She is a member of the Washington State Bar. Her undergraduate degree is from Bryn Mawr College, where she majored in philosophy. She actually viewed law school as an extension of her philosophy studies, with its focus on ethics, fundamental rights, and how people can get along in society—of particular concern to her as the daughter of a WWII refugee. 

      Working background. Ilona has practiced law in corporate and nonprofit settings as well as in solo practice, where she represented immigrant clients seeking asylum, family-based visas, and more. She has also volunteered extensively, including a six-month fellowship at Northwest Immigrant Rights Project in Seattle and a six-month internship at Amnesty International in London. She is a member of the American Immigration Lawyers' Association (AILA), the National Association of Real Estate Editors (NAREE), and the Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP). 

      Working at Nolo. Ilona started at Nolo in 2000 as a legal editor. Since then, she has not only continued to edit other writers' books and online articles, but also has taken an active role in planning and authoring new Nolo books. Many of these have become consistent Nolo bestsellers and award-winners, among them Effective Fundraising for Nonprofits, Nolo's Essential Guide to Buying Your First Home, and Selling Your House.  Ilona particularly enjoys interviewing people and weaving their stories into her books. She also won the 2012 "Best Blog" award from the National Association of Real Estate Editors (NAREE). 

      Spare time. (What spare time?) Ilona enjoys swimming, gardening (though she's still looking for a vegetable the squirrels won't eat every last morsel of), cooking gluten- and sugar-free meals, and writing children's books.

  • Table of Contents
  • Your Homebuying Companion

    1. What’s So Great About Buying a House?

    • Investment Value: Get What You Pay For … And Then Some
    • Tax Breaks: Benefits From Uncle Sam
    • Personality and Pizzazz: Your Home Is Your Castle
    • No More Landlord: Say Goodbye to Renting
    • You Can Do It … If You Want To

    2. What Do You Want? Figuring Out Your Homebuying Needs

    • Know Your Ideal Neighborhood: Why Location Matters
    • Know Yourself: How Your Lifestyle, Plans, and Values Affect Your House Priorities
    • Know Your Ideal House: Old Bungalows, New Condos, and More
    • Would You Like Land With That? Single-Family Houses
    • Sharing the Joy, Sharing the Pain: Condos and Other Common Interest Properties
    • Factory Made: Modular and Manufactured Homes
    • Putting It All Together: Your Dream List

    3. Does This Mean I Have to Balance My Checkbook? Figuring Out What You Can Afford

    • Beyond the Purchase Price: The Costs of Buying and Owning a Home
    • Spend Much? How Lenders Use Your Debt-to-Income Ratio
    • Blasts From the Past: How Your Credit History Factors In
    • What’s Your Monthly Budget? Understanding Your Finances
    • Getting Creative: Tips for Overcoming Financial Roadblocks
    • The Power of Paper: Getting Preapproved for a Loan

    4. Stepping Out: What’s on the Market and at What Price

    • What’s the Buzz? Checking Out Neighborhoods From Your Chair
    • See for Yourself: Driving Through Neighborhoods
    • On Foot: Talking to the Natives
    • Sunrise, Sunset: Getting Day and Night Perspectives
    • Got Houses? Finding Out What’s Locally Available
    • How Much Did That One Go For? Researching “Comparable” Sales
    • Hot or Cold? Take the Market’s Temp
    • Just Looking: The Open House Tour
    • Nothing to Look at Yet? Finding Your Dream Development

    5. Select Your Players: The Real Estate Team

    • Your Team Captain: The Real Estate Agent
    • Your Cash Cow: The Loan Officer, Mortgage Broker, or Mortgage Banker
    • Your Fine-Print Reader: The Real Estate Attorney
    • Your Sharp Eye: The Property Inspector
    • Your Big Picture Planner: The Closing Agent
    • Strength in Numbers: Other Team Members

    6. Bring Home the Bacon: Getting a Mortgage

    • Let’s Talk Terms: The Basics of Mortgage Financing
    • Who’s Got the Cash? Where to Get a Mortgage
    • Narrowing the Field: Which Type of Mortgage Is Best for You?
    • Getting Your Cash Together: Common Down Payment and Financing Strategies
    • Where Do I Look? Researching Mortgages
    • I’ll Take That One! Applying for Your Loan
    • New-Home Financing
    • Unique Financial Considerations for Co-op Buyers

    7. Mom and Dad? The Seller? Uncle Sam? Loan Alternatives

    • No Wrapping Required: Gift Money From Relatives or Friends
    • All in the Family: Loans From Relatives or Friends
    • A One-Person Bank: Seller Financing
    • Backed by Uncle Sam: Government-Assisted Loans

    8. I Love It! It’s Perfect! Looking for the Right House

    • How Your Agent Can Help
    • The Rumor Mill: Getting House Tips From Friends
    • Keeping Track of New Listings
    • Planning Ahead for House Visits
    • Come on In: What to Expect as You Enter
    • Do We Have a Match? Using Your Dream List
    • All the World’s Been Staged: Looking Past the Glitter
    • Recent Remodels: What to Watch Out For
    • Walk the Walk: Layout and Floor Plan
    • What Do They Know? Reviewing Seller Disclosure Reports
    • Reviewing the Seller’s Inspection Reports (If Any)
    • Poking Around: Doing Your Own Initial Inspection
    • Hey, Nice Dirt Pile! Choosing a Not-Yet-Built House
    • Buying a New or Old Condo or Co-op? Research the Community

    9. Plan B: Fixer-Uppers, FSBOs, Foreclosures, and More

    • Castoffs: Searching for Overlooked Houses
    • Houses Not Yet on the Market
    • Look What’s Back on the Market!
    • A Foot in the Door: Buying a Starter House
    • Have It Your Way: Buying a Fixer-Upper or House You Can Add on To
    • Share Your Space: Buying Jointly
    • Subdivide Your Space: Renting Out a Room
    • Hey, Where’s Their Agent? Looking for FSBOs (For Sale by Owners)
    • Buying a Short Sale Property
    • Buying a Foreclosure Property
    • Buying a House in Probate

    10. Show Them the Money: From Offer to Purchase Agreement

    • Start to Finish: Negotiating and Forming a Contract
    • More Than Words: What’s in the Standard Purchase Contract
    • Too Much? Not Enough? How Much to Offer
    • Keeping Your Exit Routes Open: Contingencies
    • Putting Your Money Where Your Mouth Is: The Earnest Money Deposit
    • Divvy It Up: Who Pays What Fees
    • Deal or No Deal: Picking an Expiration Date
    • Think Ahead: Closing Date
    • Strategies in a Cold Market: What to Ask For
    • Strategies in a Hot Market: Making Your Offer Stand Out
    • Contracting to Buy a Brand-New Home

    11. Toward the Finish Line: Tasks Before Closing

    • Wrappin’ It Up: Removing Contingencies
    • Will It Really Be Yours? Getting Title Insurance
    • Yours, Mine, or Ours? What to Say on the Deed
    • Get Ready, ’Cause Here I Come: Preparing to Move

    12. Send in the Big Guns: Professional Property Inspectors

    • Home Inspection Overview: What, When, and at What Cost?
    • House Calls: Your General Home Inspection
    • Tagging Along at Your General Home Inspection
    • Say What? Understanding Your General Home Inspection Report
    • Termite or Pest Inspections
    • When to Get Other, Specialized Inspections
    • Trouble in Paradise: Inspecting Newly Built Homes

    13. Who’s Got Your Back? Homeowners’ Insurance and Home Warranties

    • Coverage for Your House
    • Damage Your Homeowners’ Insurance Won’t Cover
    • Protection for Others’ Injuries: Liability Insurance
    • Your Out-of-Pocket: Homeowners’ Insurance Costs
    • Insurance Deductibles
    • Shopping Around for Homeowners’ Insurance
    • Types of Insurance Companies
    • Jointly Owned, Jointly Insured: What Your Community Association Pays For
    • Home Warranties for Preowned Houses
    • Home Warranties for Newly Built Houses

    14. Seal the Deal: Finalizing Your Homebuying Dreams

    • Preview of Coming Attractions: What Your Closing Will Involve
    • Is It Really Empty? Final Walk-Through of an Existing House
    • Is It Really Finished? Final Walk-Through of a New House
    • Your Last Tasks Before the Closing
    • The Drum Roll, Please: Attending the Closing
    • Closing Documents Related to Your Mortgage Loan
    • Closing Documents Related to Transferring the Property
    • Can I Move In? Taking Possession
    • Tell the World You’ve Moved
    • There’s a Place for It: Organize Your Records

    Appendix

    • Using the Downloadable Forms
    • Editing RTFs
    • List of Forms

    Index

  • Sample Chapter
  • What’s So Great About Buying a House?

     


    Meet Your Adviser

    Daniel Stea, broker/owner/attorney at Stea Realty Group, in Berkeley, California (www.stearealtygroup.com).

    What he does

    “I (and members of my team) spend a great deal of time educating our clients about the purchase and sale process. We’re always evaluating properties for them by running ‘comps’ (recent sales of comparable properties). Buyers want to make sure they’re not paying too much; sellers want to make sure they’re not receiving too little. Zillow and related websites provide only rough estimates, primarily based on price per square foot. It takes a human who has actually walked through all of those properties to start adding and subtracting for the various attributes, such as location, condition, schools, and so forth. That’s one of the values that brokers bring to the table. As long as buyers and sellers can benefit from education, brokers’ services will be necessary.”

    First house

    “It was an adorable English Tudor in the Oakland hills, full of character. It had a leaking roof, which caused nearly $100,000 of dry rot. While buyers were scared away by the headache they envisioned, I saw potential. Dry rot is a straightforward, routine repair. Other than that, it just needed a new roof, interior and exterior paint, and refinishing on the hardwood floors. We eventually updated the kitchen and bathrooms. When it came time to purchase a home closer to my office in Berkeley, I sold it for many times what I had invested in it.”

    Fantasy house

    “Like many buyers in the San Francisco Bay Area, I’d love to have a place that’s highly walkable to everything urban, yet far enough up in the hills to have a view of the San Francisco Bay. Only a few homes exist in that sweet spot. And they receive multiple offers and sell for a premium price. Style-wise, I see something to appreciate in almost every type of house: from the old ones that need a lot of work to the modern ones with walls of glass and high ceilings.”

    Likes best
    about his work

    “Educating clients about the process in order to erase their confusion, alleviate their stress, and build their confidence. Buyers show up full of questions, “How can I make my offer as competitive as possible without overspending?” “Are certain contingencies more important for me to withhold than others?” and “Which of a seller’s hundreds of disclosure documents deserve my heightened attention?” Once they are educated about the process as well as about the current state of the market, we’re ready to begin shopping and submitting purchase offers. The advocacy begins!” ”

    Top tip for
    first-time
    homebuyers

    “Be patient. A lot of people come to us in a panic, saying something like, ‘We just got into town, we don’t want to waste our precious money on these exorbitant rents, and we need to buy something right away.’ But the process will go much smoother if you give yourself some time—ideally, six months to a year—to get to know the market, walk the neighborhoods, and learn about the homebuying process. In fact, if you’re relocating here from Washington, DC, New York, or Boston, like many of our buyers do, I’d say rent first! It’s very difficult to unpack your luggage in a new city and immediately know where you want to live. Begin working with a Realtor long before you’re ready to make your first purchase offer. We earn the same commission whether our buyers purchase now or a year from now. It’s more important for them to be fully educated and relaxed so they have a good experience buying their home and thereafter refer us to their family, friends, and coworkers.”

     


    Picking up a book on homebuying for some light reading? We’re guessing not. If you’re reading this, you’re probably seriously interested in buying a house. But before we launch into how, let’s explore why—just in case you’ve got any lingering doubts about whether it’s a good idea. This chapter will preview some of the primary financial and personal benefits to buying a home (and you’ll find details on many of the subjects covered, such as tax benefits, in later chapters). Then we’ll talk about some common myths and fears, and how to get over them.

    ★ Best thing I ever did: Buy my first home. Although Leah was happy with her rental place, she says, “I wanted a place that I could call my own, with a backyard for my cats, and space for an office so I could work at home full time. After three weeks of looking, I found it! And after a year, some of the best parts of homeownership are things I wasn’t even expecting—like having already gotten to know more neighbors than I did during a whole six years in my apartment. Plus, although I’ve never thought of myself as domestic, I’ve had a surge of interest in decorating—I put up Roman blinds, have been picking out paint colors, and just bought my first Christmas tree!”

    Investment Value: Get What You Pay For … And Then Some

    You’ve probably heard people talk about real estate as a great investment. But what exactly do you get out of the deal? Well, a few things: You’ll build equity instead of spending cash on rent, you gain immediate benefits (a place to live!), and you’ll eventually have full ownership of an asset that —at least over the long term—has a good chance of appreciating in value.

    Leverage

    Buying a home is one of those rare instances where you can control a very large and potentially appreciating asset with a comparatively small initial cash investment (your down payment). Better yet, notes adviser Daniel Stea, “You’re using the proverbial ‘OPM’ (other people’s money) for the balance of the investment, and that money is being lent to you at comparatively low cost given the historically low interest rates we’ve experienced these past few years. Yet you get to enjoy the appreciation on the full value of the investment, not just your cash component. It almost doesn’t seem right!”

    Equity, Baby

    Over time, as you patiently pay your mortgage, two things might start happening—your principal loan balance will go down, and the house’s market value might go up. Both of these mean that you’re accruing equity. Equity is the difference between the market value of a house (what it’s currently worth) and the claims against it (what you have left to pay on any mortgages or loans you’ve taken out against it). You’d be hard-pressed to find another investment where you can borrow a large amount of money, pay a modest interest rate, and reap every bit of the gain yourself.

    Example: Hugo buys a home for $300,000 with a $60,000 down payment (20%) and a $240,000 mortgage. If the market value of the house is $300,000, Hugo’s current equity in the home is $60,000 (market value minus mortgage debt). A few years later, Hugo has reduced the principal on the mortgage by $5,000, to $235,000. Meanwhile, the house’s value has risen to $310,000. Hugo now has $75,000 in equity ($310,000 minus $235,000). That’s $15,000 more than he originally invested.

    Of course, the value of a property doesn’t always increase: It can also decrease, sometimes dramatically. Fortunately, houses rarely drop in value permanently. And after some precipitous value drops in the early 2000s, home appreciation in 2021 averaged a whopping 18.8%, according to the S&P/CoreLogic Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price indexes.

    It Beats Paying Rent

    A good chunk of the money you’ll use to finance your home is money you’re probably already spending on rent. When you buy a house, your rent money becomes investment money.

    You Can Live in Your Investment

    Some people like to call a mortgage a forced savings plan, because it makes you sock a little cash away every month in the form of a mortgage payment—money you will, with any luck, get back when you sell the place. On the other hand, you might call it a smart investment plan, because it gives you both a roof over your head and a way to convert your cash into a potentially appreciating asset.

    You Can Borrow on Your Investment

    Eventually, as your equity in your home builds, you can borrow against it at relatively reasonable interest rates, using a home equity loan or a HELOC (home equity line of credit). These are also commonly referred to as “second mortgages.”

    The interest rates on these tend to be higher than on primary mortgages, but lower than on the typical credit card. The money borrowed can be used for any number of purposes, such as home improvements, college tuition, or a car.

    Of course, there are risks—if you default and your house goes into foreclosure, the lender is second in line to be paid from the proceeds of the sale of your house, after the primary mortgage holder.

    My, You’re Looking Creditworthy!

    We hear so much about people who ruined their credit score by getting foreclosed on that it’s hard to remember the reverse side of the picture: A mortgage is seen as “good debt.” When you successfully pay it down, credit-reporting companies view that as a sign that you’re responsible and able to handle a large loan.

    “This can do wonders for your credit rating,” says adviser Daniel Stea. “It makes you a much better credit risk (statistically speaking), which becomes especially useful if you decide to apply for an auto loan, a small-business loan, a student loan for your kid’s college tuition, and so on.”

    That House Is Yours

    One benefit to buying a house is kind of obvious … you’re becoming a homeowner, and when the loan is paid off, you won’t have to pay for a place to live. You could keep renting the same place you’re in now for 50 years, and at the end of that time you’ll still have to pay monthly rent checks to your landlord.

    Tax Breaks: Benefits From Uncle Sam

    You’ll get to claim various federal tax deductions and credits for home-related expenses. For some, these can add up to some serious savings.

    Tax Deductions Versus Tax Credits

    Be careful not to confuse a tax deduction with a tax credit. A tax deduction is an amount that taxpayers who don’t take the standard deduction, but instead “itemize” their deductions, subtract from their gross income (all the money earned during the year) to figure out how much of their income is subject to tax. For example, if your gross income is $80,000, and you qualify for a $2,000 tax deduction, and you elect not to take the standard deduction ($12,950 for single filers in 2022), your taxable income is reduced to $78,000. Read “Will You Itemize Your Deductions?” later in this chapter to learn more.

    A tax credit, by contrast, is a dollar-for-dollar reduction in your tax liability. If your taxable income is $80,000, and you qualify for a $2,000 tax credit, your taxable income is still $80,000, but you get to reduce the amount of tax you ultimately owe by $2,000.

     

    Tax Credits

    As a new homeowner, you might be entitled to certain tax credits:

    • Tax credit for first-time homebuyers. At the time this book went to print, all the tax credits for first-time homebuyers had expired, though proposals were still active in Congress. Keep an eye on the news and www.irs.gov.
    • Tax credits for energy efficiency. Homeowners who install solar, geothermal, fuel cell, storage batteries, or wind systems to generate electricity, or in some cases hot water, are eligible for tax credits. It’s a 30% credit for 2022 through 2032, then declines to 26% for 2033 and 22% for 2034.
    • Tax credit for energy-efficient home improvements. Starting in 2023, homeowners can claim 30% of what they paid for home energy efficiency improvements including exterior windows, skylights, and doors, home insulation, heat pumps, water heaters, central air conditioners, furnaces, hot water boilers, biomass stoves and boilers, electric panel upgrades, and home energy audits. The improvements must meet certain requirements and the amount of the credit is limited per year.
    • Tax credit for installing home electric vehicle charger. This lasts through 2032, though as of 2023 applies only in low-income or non-urban areas.

    Taxpayers can claim such credits using IRS Form 5695, Residential Energy Credits. For more about the credit, as well as the latest information on eligibility and expiration dates, see EnergyStar.gov.

    Will You Itemize Your Deductions?

    To take advantage of house-related tax deductions, you’ll need to itemize your tax deductions, rather than take the standard deduction (for 2022 tax returns, $12,950 for individuals and $25,900 for marrieds filing jointly). For most people, homeowners included, taking the standard deduction is more beneficial. Run the numbers to see whether your itemized deductions exceed the standard deduction amount.

    CHECK IT OUT
    Go straight to the source. See IRS Publication 530, Tax Information for Homeowners, available at www.irs.gov. This publication will give you more detailed information about the tax benefits of buying a home.

    TIP
    Keep good records. If itemizing deductions is the right approach for you, be prepared to prove them to the IRS—all of them, not just the house- related ones. Keep a file of receipts for the more common deductions, such as unreimbursed business expenses (office equipment and travel); educational expenses (tuition and books); and unreimbursed medical expenses. Consider getting help—even the cost of meeting with a tax professional might be tax deductible!

    Mortgage Interest Deduction

    One of the biggest potential deductions from your taxable income, if you itemize, will be the interest you pay on your home mortgage. You may deduct the interest on up to $750,000 of mortgage debt, whether single or married filing jointly. (But it’s $375,000 for marrieds filing separately). This deduction can be particularly advantageous during the first few years of a fixed rate mortgage, when most of your payment will be put toward interest. This $750,000 loan limit is scheduled to go up to a $1 million limit in 2025.

    Until the end of 2017, some home-owning families were able to fully deduct the cost of their mortgage insurance premiums (PMI). (PMI protects the lender’s investment if it needs to foreclose—lenders require borrowers to purchase PMI if their down payment is less than 20% of the purchase price.) Although the PMI deduction has expired, Congress might renew it, which would make it possible for homeowners who itemize to again be able to use this deduction in the future. Check IRS.gov/ScheduleA for the latest information before you file your taxes.

    Other Tax-Deductible Expenses

    Taxpayers who itemize can also deduct certain other expenses from their taxable income, such as:

    • Property taxes. While the amount varies between states and localities, most people pay around 1% of the home’s value each year in state property tax. You can deduct from your federal taxable income up to $10,000 of what you pay collectively for state, local, and property taxes.
    • Points. Points are additional one-time (and usually optional) fees you pay to reduce your mortgage’s interest rate. They’re tax deductible in the year you pay them.
    • Interest on a home improvement loan. If you take out a loan to make improvements that increase your home’s value, prolong its life, or adapt its use—for example, by adding a deck or a new bathroom—you can deduct the interest on loans up to $750,000. But you can’t deduct interest on loans used to make normal repairs, such as repainting the kitchen or fixing a broken window, and definitely not if you take out a loan secured by your home for some unrelated purpose, such as medical bills.
    • Home office expenses. If you use part of your home exclusively and regularly for a home-based business, you might be able to deduct a portion of the related expenses—including the costs of some home repairs, or even things like landscaping if your home’s appearance will be important to visiting clients.

    Capital Gains Tax Relief When You Sell

    While it might be too soon for you to imagine selling your first home, another important benefit is available if and when you do. Thanks to the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, you don’t pay capital gains tax (usually 15%) on the first $250,000 you make when you sell. Double that to $500,000 if you’re married and filing jointly, or to $250,000 per person if you co-own the place.

    To qualify, you must (with a few exceptions) have lived in the home two out of the previous five years before selling and have used it as your primary residence. Many first-time buyers use this tax break to move from modest starter homes to roomier homes that cost more. Be sure to keep the receipts from all your home improvements while you live in the house—these expenses can increase your cost basis in the house, decreasing the amount that the IRS considers your gain when you sell.

    Personality and Pizzazz: Your Home Is Your Castle

    If you’ve always been a renter, you know the drill: Things stay the way they were when you moved in. White walls stay white, ugly carpeting stays ugly, and the funky bathroom light fixture stays funky.

    When it’s your home, you get to make your mark. There’s just no way to quantify the psychological advantage of personalizing your space. Even people who’ve never taken an interest in home decorating, repair, or gardening find themselves hooked on the creativity and self-expression possible with home projects.

    No More Landlord: Say Goodbye to Renting

    Expressing your personality isn’t the only advantage to leaving rental living behind. Say goodbye to things like waiting around for things to get fixed, wondering whether the landlord will raise your rent or kick you out, and being surprised by landlords who stop by at their own convenience.

    Even reasonable landlords who make prompt and thorough repairs and never raise the rent can pull surprises or sell the property. Owning your own house reduces the stress and uncertainty of renting. You’re in charge of when you move on, who comes in the front door, and when and what gets done to the place. While that means you’ve got some extra responsibilities, you’ve definitely got some extra security and benefits, too.

    The Future’s So … Expensive!
    If you pay $1,000 in monthly rent now, approximately how much will you be paying in 40 years, assuming average inflation (3% per year) and no rent control?

    a. $2,500    b. $4,400    c. $3,262    d. None of the above, because I’ll own a home.

    Answer: c or d.

     

    ★ Best thing I ever did: Make monthly payments to myself, not the landlord. At age 25, Talia had only toyed with the idea of buying a house—she’d thought that, despite her full-time job, it was financially impossible. But then her landlord raised the rent. Talia says, “I looked into loan options—and to my surprise, I qualified. Within two months, I bought a converted first-floor apartment with a little patio, in a safe neighborhood. I love not having to share a washer and dryer with other people anymore. But even better is the feeling of independence of having my own place: Because I’m building equity, I like to think I’m making those mortgage checks to myself—and they’re not that much higher than my rent checks were.”

    You Can Do It … If You Want To

    Are you still on the fence about homebuying? Some people just don’t feel ready to take the plunge. Below are a list of common “I can’t do it because …” excuses. Don’t get us wrong: Not every excuse is a bad excuse. You just need to know whether yours are based on solid facts rather than plain old fear.

    “But … I Like Renting”

    Maybe you’re thinking, I really love my apartment or I’m getting such a good deal. But even if your current rent seems cheap, cheap is never as good as free. Yes, we’re aware that buying a house isn’t free. But at some point, you won’t be paying a mortgage anymore. That will never be true if you rent.

    CHECK IT OUT
    Run your own numbers. These calculators compare the costs of renting and buying:

    • www.nytimes.com (search for “Is it better to buy or rent?”), and
    • Nolo.com/legal-calculators (click “Should I rent or buy?”).

    While you’ll need to guess how much you’ll spend on a home to use these calculators, the result will at least give you a rough comparison. Revisit the calculators after you’ve looked at Chapters 3 and 6 (covering the financial details of buying a house).

    All that being said, renting might be best in the following situations:

    • You plan on moving from the area within the next few years. Buying is a long-term strategy, with significant up-front costs. Plus, it’s easier to move out of a rental than a home you own—selling is almost as complicated as buying.
    • You need flexibility. Buying is best for people whose lives are fairly stable. If your first priority is being able to quit your job any time a friend proposes a round-the-world sailing trip, maybe homeownership will feel more like a trap than a positive step. (Then again, we’ve met travelers who’ve sublet their house and supported their travels with the rent payments!)
    • You expect your income to decrease soon. If you’re planning to return to school or quit your 9 to 5 to pursue an acting career, you might not want to lock yourself into a mortgage. Still, you could be a potential homebuyer if you can afford something more modest within your anticipated future income or can pay the mortgage by co-owning the property or taking in renters.
    • It will cost you far more to buy than to rent. Run those numbers, using calculators like the ones listed above. In a few markets, you can still rent for less than you can buy. If so, you might be better off renting and investing elsewhere—or simply renting a bigger and better place than you could hope to buy.

    “But … I Can’t Afford It”

    Maybe your main reservation about buying a home is that you simply can’t afford one. Scraping together a 20% down payment can be a big task when you’ve got your plate full with student loans and other bills. Or perhaps you’re afraid you won’t qualify for the gigantic loan you’ll need or won’t be able to pay it once you get it.

    ★ Best thing we ever did: Focus on the spaghetti. Caryn and her husband Alec were stretching to their financial limits to buy a house, and Caryn says, “We were nervous, but our agent told us, ‘You’ll just need to eat spaghetti for about a year, and then things will even out.’ For some reason, that image stuck in my head, and I thought, okay, I can handle eating spaghetti for a while. In fact, that’s about the way it worked. The first year, we depleted our savings, not only with the house closing but with repainting and buying furniture. Now we’ve settled in, and owning a home doesn’t feel like such a big load on our shoulders anymore.”

    Small Can Be Beautiful

    If you think living in a small space means you’ll be cramped, uncomfortable, and aesthetically disappointed, check out ApartmentTherapy.com. Under “Tours,” you’ll find several examples of tiny spaces other people have transformed into fabulous homes. Be inspired!

     

    If you’re struggling to come up with a down payment, don’t lose heart. There are alternatives: For example, you might be able to augment your down payment with a loan from a family member, or even enter into a cobuying arrangement with a friend.

    As for the mortgage payment, people who think they can’t afford it often focus only on the big number—the five-, six-, or even seven-digit figure that says what a house is going to cost. But a mortgage allows you to spread that number out over a big portion of your life.

    Finally, let’s not forget that the first home you buy isn’t necessarily going to be the one you’ll live in forever. By remaining flexible, and starting with a not-quite-perfect house, you can break into the housing market. That’s why they call it a “starter” house—it’s only the beginning. The equity that you accrue might very well help you get into that next place.

    “But … I’m Single”

    Some people are reluctant to buy a house because they’re single now, but hope to be part of a couple before long. But there’s no secret rule that says only couples get to buy houses.

    ★ Best thing I ever did: Invest in my present as well as my future. Real estate agent Joanna knows about not wanting to buy a house as a single woman—she’s seen it in many of her clients. But, says Joanna, “The problem with waiting to do something the traditional way is, what do you lose during that waiting period? I was in my early 30s and ready to have a place of my own. Plus, it makes sense to spend the money and get a tax write-off rather than pour it into rent. This isn’t to say that buying alone wasn’t stressful—I stretched financially to make it work. But since buying, my house has gone up in value.”

    Maybe you’re worried that you’ll have to move as soon as you meet Mr. or Ms. Right. While that admittedly is possible, it’s also possible that in the meantime, the increased value of your place will help, not hinder, your happily-ever-after. If the value of your home increases and you pay down the mortgage, the two of you will have equity you can use to buy a place together. Besides—a house that’s perfect for one might accommodate two just fine.

    ★ Best thing we ever did: Combine our homes. Hannah says, “I was a young professional and very single when I bought a condo. Two years later, I met Chad, who also owned a small home. Before I knew it, we were married and living in the house, renting out the condo. Then we had kids, and the house was just too small. We sold my place and Chad’s, using the equity to buy a house big enough to accommodate our kids. It’s nice to have a place that we chose together, with our family in mind.”

    “But … It’s Too Much Responsibility!”

    For some, the idea of owning a home just seems like too much to handle. Admittedly, renting is much simpler than owning. You write a rent check, and you’re covered for the month. And in many rental arrangements, you can leave with just a month’s notice—perfect for those with wanderlust.

    Telling yourself that renting doesn’t involve responsibility isn’t really true, though. After all, what happens if you don’t pay the rent? You get evicted—and then where do you go? Back to Mom and Dad’s? Most people would rather do whatever it takes to make that monthly payment happen.

    So if you’ve already lived away from home, you’re familiar with what’s needed to make monthly payments and handle monthly finances. Of course, when you buy you’ll have other responsibilities, like taking care of your yard or doing repairs, but you’re in charge of prioritizing what happens when. If you decide you don’t want to repair the creaky stairwell until you’ve redone your kitchen cabinets, that’s up to you.

    “But … Maybe Prices Will Go Down!”

    Trying to time the real estate market? Timing is definitely important, but it’s not easy to get into the market at the perfect moment. Even experienced real estate pundits get it wrong. If prices look to be stable and you’re just waiting until you can afford to get in, that’s one thing. But if you’re trying to out-clever the real estate market, you’re likely to find that by the time you notice a trend everyone else will have, too; and prices could jump up before you know it.

    So if you’ve watched your local market and economic news carefully, and have a solid sense of what’s ahead, perhaps waiting for a price drop makes sense. But don’t put your life on hold. That’s particularly true if you’re getting married, having a baby, downsizing for retirement, or doing something else that comes with its own timing demands.

    “But … I’m Still Scared!”

    Buying a home can seem overwhelming, even if you’ve always wanted to do it. The process is unfamiliar, there’s a lot of money at stake, and you might fear getting swept up into buying a place you don’t even like or that will drop in value. But fear shouldn’t stop you from realizing your homebuying dreams. To help calm the butterflies, take constructive steps such as these:

    • Know your strengths and weaknesses going in. Then find ways to address them, for example with self-education or by hiring professionals.
    • Learn what you can expect from professionals. Understand what real estate agents, mortgage brokers, home inspectors, and other professionals do, and put them to work for you, saving time and money.
    • Observe your local real estate market. We’ll show you how to research the trends in your area, in order to reassure yourself that you’re buying an asset that is unlikely to drop in value, and that has long-term appreciation potential.
    • Understand the process. Read up on all steps of the homebuying process now, so that you won’t be confused—or need to do any late-night remedial study—when the process inevitably kicks into high gear.
    • Get organized. Use all the worksheets and checklists in the Homebuyer’s Toolkit on the Nolo website to stay on top of key tasks, such as choosing a real estate agent or inspector or pulling together financial papers for the lender.

    This book will help you accomplish all those goals. It will tell you where you are at every step, so that you can breathe, get your bearings, and proceed with confidence. Get the facts, and you’ll be ready

    What’s Next?

    Once you’ve decided you’re ready to buy, it’s time to figure out what’s important to you. In the next chapter, we’ll discuss how to examine and settle on your priorities regarding types of houses and neighborhoods.

     


    We hope you enjoyed this sample chapter. The complete book is available for sale here at Nolo.com.

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