When you're experiencing financial stress, it's tempting to do whatever it takes to alleviate the pressure. But most people find that a bankruptcy case goes more smoothly with some planning. If you're considering bankruptcy, it's important to learn what not to do before filing bankruptcy. The list of things to avoid before bankruptcy includes the following:
Below is a comprehensive list of what not to do before filing bankruptcy, along with a brief explanation detailing why. Also, to avoid choosing the wrong bankruptcy chapter, take time to learn about the differences between Chapters 7 and 13.
Bankruptcy works well to wipe out debt. However, you're only entitled to receive a bankruptcy discharge, the order that wipes out your debt, every so often. So it's a good idea to examine whether now is the time or if you might need to file in the future. Specifically, you can receive a Chapter 7 discharge:
So why would you want to wait? You might know there's a reasonable chance that you'll face an even more severe financial problem in the future. For instance, suppose you're suffering from an illness and accumulating medical debt. You'll probably want to hold off until your condition stabilizes. Other common problems to consider before filing include potential unemployment, eviction, foreclosure, and car repossession.
In these situations, if you'd already filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy within the prior eight years, you wouldn't be entitled to another discharge. A creditor could garnish your wages (take money out of your paycheck), levy (seize) the funds in your bank account, or take valuable property without threat of bankruptcy.
Less effective Chapter 13 bankruptcy options would likely be available. However, depending on how long it has been since you filed Chapter 7, you might not be entitled to another discharge. You could still use Chapter 13, but you'd have to repay all of your debt over a three- to five-year repayment period. And you would need sufficient income to qualify.
Learn about the timing involved in multiple bankruptcy filings to know when you can file again.
However, sometimes, it's in your best interest to file for bankruptcy quickly. For instance, in most cases, if you have a wage garnishment, the sooner you file, the sooner it will end. You'll have more money to pay bills once you discharge the underlying debt.
You'll also want to file quickly when a creditor has a lawsuit against you. Your attorney will examine the complaint to determine whether it includes a fraud allegation. If so, the best bet is to file for bankruptcy before the case goes to judgment. Because even though you can discharge money judgments in bankruptcy, getting rid of a judgment lien in bankruptcy can prove more difficult.
Once a creditor wins a money judgment, the lien rights accompanying it will allow the creditor to garnish your wages, attach your bank accounts, repossess your car, and foreclose on your house. In most cases, if you file for bankruptcy before the creditor wins the case, the bankruptcy will stop the pending lawsuit and wipe out the debt.
You should know that bankruptcy offers limited protection against liens, so it's usually good to file your case before the creditor receives a judgment and liens attach to your property. Because this is a complicated area, if you've been served with a lawsuit, you should contact a bankruptcy lawyer as soon as possible.
Learn more about your rights when dealing with debt collection.
You can protect most retirement funds in bankruptcy. Therefore, one of the most unfortunate financial mistakes you don't want to make before filing bankruptcy is withdrawing retirement funds to pay off a debt that bankruptcy could wipe out.
Before paying off bills in this manner, speak with a knowledgeable bankruptcy attorney. You'll likely be in a much better financial situation if you file for bankruptcy before depleting your nest egg.
On your bankruptcy paperwork, you must provide complete and accurate information about your assets, debt, income, expenses, and financial history under penalty of perjury. Suppose you knowingly misrepresent your information by failing to disclose an asset. In that case, you could be subject to criminal fraud penalties, including fines of up to $250,000, twenty years in prison, or both.
If you don't file all of the paperwork, the bankruptcy court will dismiss your case, or you might have to file additional papers to correct the paperwork and pay more fees. If you leave a creditor out, that debt might not get discharged. And, if you forget to include an asset, the Chapter 7 trustee might find it and take the property.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigates bankruptcy fraud and crimes, so bankruptcy court is not the place to be less than forthright. Most bankruptcy lawyers can find an appropriate solution to your problem. If you're unsure about your actions' potential ramifications, talk to a bankruptcy attorney first.
If you ran up debt during the 70 to 90 days before filing bankruptcy, beware unless it was for life necessities, such as food, clothing, and utilities. The creditor might object to your discharge by arguing that you took out the loan without intending to pay it back (called fraud). As a general rule, if you took out cash advances or used a credit card to buy a luxury item within 70 to 90 days of filing bankruptcy, then you've committed "presumptive fraud" and might not get to discharge the debt.
For the most current presumptive fraudulent debt amounts, see Recent Luxury Debts and Cash Advances: Can You Get Rid of Them in Bankruptcy?
While the bankruptcy schedules ask that you provide information about assets you own (or will own), some people might be tempted to sell, transfer for safekeeping, or hide assets before filing bankruptcy. Don't do it. If you do, you might be denied a discharge and even be subject to criminal penalties—and it's unlikely that the risk will be worth any perceived reward.
Of course, you might have sold property before you filed your bankruptcy case to pay your expenses, such as your rent, food, or utilities, and doing so isn't wrong on your part. Be prepared to explain all of your transactions to the bankruptcy trustee and, when appropriate, provide supporting documentation.
For more information, see Hiding Assets and Property in Bankruptcy.
Filing for bankruptcy is a transparent process. Even though you can keep (exempt) the things you'll need to work and maintain a household, your creditors have a right to everything else. You must agree to disclose every aspect of your financial situation in your bankruptcy paperwork before receiving bankruptcy benefits.
The court ensures creditors get their share by examining up to ten years' prior financial transactions. Everyone who files for bankruptcy, individuals and businesses alike, will report previous transactions on Your Statement of Financial Affairs for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy form and include it as part of the official paperwork filed with the clerk. (Legal professionals often refer to this as the "SOFA" form.)
So, how might this be problematic? Suppose the court discovers that you transferred property in an attempt to avoid paying a creditor or broke another bankruptcy rule. In that case, the court will unwind the transaction and disperse the recovered funds to the creditors.
Here's a sampling of the information you'd need to include:
Once complete, you must sign a statement declaring under penalty of perjury that the information provided is accurate. Being forthright is essential because any attempt to defraud the court has severe consequences. The punishment for making false statements or failing to disclose property can be up to 20 years in prison, a fine of $250,000, or both.
Learn more about filling out bankruptcy forms.
Paying back loans to friends or relatives within one year of filing or even other creditors within 90 days of filing could be considered a "preferential transfer." A preferential transfer can be "undone" in bankruptcy.
The bankruptcy trustee might file an adversarial proceeding to get the money back from the person or entity you paid and then disburse the funds in equal shares amongst all your creditors. If you paid an ordinary creditor, that might not matter to you. However, you might care if the trustee sues your mom or sister to get the money back.
For more information, see Adversary Proceedings in Bankruptcy: Preferential Transfers.
You should reconsider filing bankruptcy if you are about to receive an inheritance (within one year), a significant income tax refund, a settlement from a lawsuit, or repayment of a loan you made to someone else. Why? Because once you receive the funds, you might not be bankrupt, especially if you could use this money to settle with creditors and get out of debt on your own. If you are in this situation, consult a bankruptcy attorney to discuss your options.
If you aren't required to file tax returns, for instance, you receive disability insurance, you don't need to worry about this requirement in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy. However, if you're supposed to file taxes but haven't done so for the two years before filing bankruptcy, you'll run into problems.
Your tax returns are crucial to determining your current and past earnings and asset holdings and satisfying potential priority tax claims. Without your returns, completing your paperwork and (if applicable) a Chapter 13 plan will be next to impossible and will stop your bankruptcy in its tracks. For instance, there's no way for the IRS to determine your tax obligations without a tax assessment.
If you have already made one or more of these errors, consult a bankruptcy attorney to discuss how to proceed.
Did you know Nolo has made the law accessible for over fifty years? It's true, and we want to ensure you find what you need. Below, you'll find more articles explaining how bankruptcy works. And don't forget that our bankruptcy homepage is the best place to start if you have other questions!
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We wholeheartedly encourage research and learning, but online articles can't address all bankruptcy issues or the facts of your case. The best way to protect your assets in bankruptcy is by hiring a local bankruptcy lawyer.
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