An Anatomy of a Criminal Trial
Most criminal trials follow a uniform set of procedures.
The many rituals associated with modern trials have developed over centuries. America's common law heritage makes it possible for all states and the federal government to follow a largely uniform set of procedures. Assuming that the trial is carried out to completion, those procedures are as follows:
Decision on judge or jury. The defense decides whether it wants the case tried by a judge or a jury (the prosecution can't require a jury trial).
Jury selection. If the trial will be held before a jury, the defense and prosecution select the jury through a question and answer process called "voir dire." In federal courts and many state courts, the judge carries out this process using questions suggested by the attorneys as well as questions that the judge comes up with on his or her own.
Evidence issues. The defense and prosecution request the court, in advance of trial, to admit or exclude certain evidence. These requests are called motions "in limine."
Opening statements. The prosecution and then the defense make opening statements to the judge or jury. These statements provide an outline of the case that each side expects to prove. Because neither side wants to look foolish to the jury, the attorneys are careful to promise only what they think they can deliver. In some cases the defense attorney reserves opening argument until the beginning of the defense case.
Prosecution case-in-chief. The prosecution presents its main case through direct examination of prosecution witnesses by the prosecutor.
Cross-examination. The defense may cross-examine the prosecution witnesses.
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